淡紫擬青黴菌

淡紫擬青黴菌（學名：Purpureocillium lilacinum）又稱淡紫紫孢菌^[3]，是線蟲草科紫孢霉屬的一種真菌^[4]，已自土壤、沈積物、污泥、昆蟲與線蟲樣本中採得，在攝氏8－38度的溫度下皆可生長，其中以26－30度較佳，且對pH值與生長基質的耐受範圍也相當廣^[5][6]。本種因可感染線蟲而被用於對抗線蟲蟲害的生物防治劑。

淡紫擬青黴菌
淡紫擬青黴菌的分生孢子
科學分類
界：	真菌界 Fungi
門：	子囊菌門 Ascomycota
綱：	糞殼菌綱 Sordariomycetes
目：	肉座菌目 Hypocreales
科：	線蟲草科 Ophiocordycipitaceae
屬：	紫孢霉屬 Purpureocillium
種：	淡紫擬青黴菌 P. lilacinum
二名法
Purpureocillium lilacinum (Thom) Luangsa-ard, Hou- braken, Hywel-Jones & Samson (2011)
異名[2]
Paecillium Luangsa-ard, Hywel-Jones & Samson nom. prov. (2007)[1] Penicillium lilacinum Thom (1910) Penicillium amethystinum Wehmer (1923) Spicaria rubidopurpurea Aoki (1941) Paecilomyces lilacinus (Thom（英語：Charles Thom）) Samson (1974)

分類

淡紫擬青黴菌於1910年由美國真菌學家查爾斯·索姆（英語：Charles Thom）發表描述，當時被歸入青黴屬中，學名為Penicillium lilacinum^[7]。1974年Robert A. Samson將其改歸入擬青黴屬（Paecilomyces）^[5]。2000年代的研究發現擬青黴屬非單系群^[8][9]，後有學者發表新屬紫孢霉屬（Purpureocillium）並將本種分入其中，屬名意指「紫色的孢子」，得名自該屬真菌紫色的分生孢子^[10]，本種的分生孢子呈橢圓形至梭形，由菌絲末端的特化結構瓶梗產生，分散排列成鏈狀結構，表面光滑至稍微粗糙，尚未觀察到厚垣孢子；菌絲為透明，寬2.5－4微米^[5]。

感染線蟲

淡紫擬青黴菌可感染多種線蟲，圖為根結線蟲

1966年即有研究發現淡紫擬青黴菌可感染線蟲的卵^[11]，其菌絲在線蟲卵的表面上生長後可形成附着器（菌絲尖端的膨大特化結構），進而穿透卵殼、殺死線蟲、並產生更多的分生孢子以繼續感染周圍的卵。目前淡紫擬青黴菌已自多種線蟲與多個地區的土壤樣本中被發現^[12][13]。本種可用於生物防治以對抗線蟲的蟲害，祕魯已有數個野外試驗成功使用本種抑制線蟲蟲害^[14]，當地的品系進而被送至世界各地不同氣候、作物的環境下進行測試^[15]，各品系感染線蟲的毒力不同，有些品系在雖實驗室測試中取得成功，但實際應用上效果不彰^[16]。

致病

淡紫擬青黴菌在少數情況下可感染人類致病^[17][18]，大多數患者為免疫缺乏者或體內留置醫療器具（如人工晶狀體）者^[19][20]，有研究顯示本種可能為感染免疫缺乏與免疫正常者的新興病原^[21][22]。

參考文獻

• 真菌主題

1. Domsch KH, Gams W, Anderson TH (編). Compendium of Soil Fungi 2nd. Lubrecht & Cramer Ltd. 2007: 322. ISBN 978-3-9803083-8-0.
2. Paecilomyces lilacinus (Thom) Samson 1974. MycoBank. International Mycological Association. [2011-07-17].
3. 王毅、王娟、王四海、李雲琴、原曉龍、陳中華. 蒜头果的内生真菌多样性分析. 基因組學與應用生物學. 2018, 9 [2022-07-17]. （原始內容存檔於2022-07-17）.
4. Spatafora; et al. New 1F1N Species Combinations in Ophiocordycipitaceae (Hypocreales). IMA Fungus. 2015, 6 (2): 357–362. PMC 4681259 . PMID 26734546. doi:10.5598/imafungus.2015.06.02.07.
5. Samson RA. Paecilomyces and some allied hyphomycetes. Studies in Mycology. 1974, 6: 58.
6. Anderson TH, Domsch KH, Gams W. Compendium of Soil Fungi. Lubrecht & Cramer Ltd. 1995. ISBN 978-3-9803083-8-0.
7. Thom C. Cultural studies of species of penicillium. Bulletin of the Bureau of Animal Industry US Department of Agriculture. 1910, 118: 73.
8. Inglis PW, Tigano MS. Identification and taxonomy of some entomopathogenic Paecilomyces spp. (Ascomycota) isolates using rDNA-ITS Sequences (PDF). Genetics and Molecular Biology. 2006, 29 (1): 132–6 [2022-07-17]. doi:10.1590/s1415-47572006000100025 . （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2015-09-24）.
9. Sung GH, Hywel-Jones NL, Sung JM, Luangsa-ard JJ, Shrestha B, Spatafora JW. Phylogenetic classification of Cordyceps and the clavicipitaceous fungi. Studies in Mycology. 2007, 57 (1): 5–59. PMC 2104736 . PMID 18490993. doi:10.3114/sim.2007.57.01.
10. Luangsa-Ard J, Houbraken J, van Doorn T, Hong SB, Borman AM, Hywel-Jones NL, Samson RA. Purpureocillium, a new genus for the medically important Paecilomyces lilacinus. FEMS Microbiology Letters. 2011, 321 (2): 141–9. PMID 21631575. doi:10.1111/j.1574-6968.2011.02322.x .
11. Lysek H. Study of biology of geohelminths. II. The importance of some soil microorganisms for the viability of geohelminth eggs in the soil. Acta Universitatis Palackianae Olomucensis. 1996, 40: 83–90.
12. Stirling, GR. Biological Control of Plant Parasitic Nematodes. UK: CABI Publishing. 1991: 282.
13. Stirling GR, West LM. Fungal parasites of root-knot nematode eggs from tropical and sub-tropical regions of Australia. Australasian Plant Pathology. 1991, 20 (4): 149–54. S2CID 34778287. doi:10.1071/APP9910149.
14. Jatala P, Kaltenbach R, Bocangel M. Biological control of Meloidogyne incognita acrita and Globodera pallida on potatoes. Journal of Nematology. 1979, 11: 303.
15. Jatala P. Biological control of plant-parasitic nematodes. Annual Review of Phytopathology. 1986, 24: 453–89. doi:10.1146/annurev.py.24.090186.002321.
16. Gomes Carniero RMD, Cayrol J. Relationship between inoculum density of the nematophagous fungus Paecilomyces lilacinus and control of Meloidogyne arenaria on tomato. Revue de Nématologie. 1991, 14 (4): 629–34.
17. Saberhagen C, Klotz SA, Bartholomew W, Drews D, Dixon A. Infection due to Paecilomyces lilacinus: a challenging clinical identification. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 1997, 25 (6): 1411–3. PMID 9431388. doi:10.1086/516136.
18. Westenfeld F, Alston WK, Winn WC. Complicated soft tissue infection with prepatellar bursitis caused by Paecilomyces lilacinus in an immunocompetent host: case report and review. Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1996, 34 (6): 1559–62. PMC 229063 . PMID 8735119. doi:10.1128/JCM.34.6.1559-1562.1996.
19. O'Day DM. Fungal endophthalmitis caused by Paecilomyces lilacinus after intraocular lens implantation. American Journal of Ophthalmology. 1977, 83 (1): 130–1. PMID 299984. doi:10.1016/0002-9394(77)90206-9.
20. Pettit TH, Olson RJ, Foos RY, Martin WJ. Fungal endophthalmitis following intraocular lens implantation. A surgical epidemic. Archives of Ophthalmology. 1980, 98 (6): 1025–39. PMID 7190003. doi:10.1001/archopht.1980.01020031015002.
21. Safdar A. Progressive cutaneous hyalohyphomycosis due to Paecilomyces lilacinus: rapid response to treatment with caspofungin and itraconazole. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2002, 34 (10): 1415–7. PMID 11981740. doi:10.1086/340260 .
22. Carey J, D』Amico R, Sutton DA, Rinaldi MG. Paecilomyces lilacinus vaginitis in an immunocompetent patient.. Emerg Infect Dis. 2003 [2022-07-17]. （原始內容存檔於2009-11-05）.