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Matthias, Are the clinical effects of homoeopathy placebo effects? Comparative study of placebo-controlled trials of homoeopathy and allopathy, The Lancet, 2005
meta-review and critical appraisal of meta-analyses of randomized placebo-controlled trials. Journal of Psychiatric Research. November 2021, 143: 230–238
測得到。這個痛症改善的現象，並沒有出現於非接受安慰劑的病人身上。 由於發現了這個效應，政府管制機關規定新藥必須通過臨床的安慰劑對照（placebo-controlled）測試，方能獲得認可。測試結果不單要証明患者對藥物有反應，而且測試結果要與服用安慰劑的對照群組作比較，証明該藥物比安慰劑更為有效。由
non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial. Lancet. November 2019, 394 (10213): 2012–2024. PMID 31727409
against COVID-19 in adults: two randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 1 and 2 trials. The Lancet Infectious Diseases. 2021-03: S1473309921001274