Graybill-Deal估计器经常被用来估计具有未知和可能存在不平等方差的两个正常种群的共同平均值。尽管这个估计器通常是无偏差的,但它的可接受的决策规则(英语:Admissibledecisionrule)仍有待证明。 元分析。虽然独立的P值可以用費雪方法结合起来,但仍在开发技术来处理谐波平均p值(英语:Harmonic mean
。 贝叶斯推理 McGrayne, Sharon. The Theory That Would Not Die: How Bayes' Rule Cracked the Enigma Code, Hunted Down Russian Submarines, and Emerged Triumphant
Oxford University Press 2003. Extends the Bayesian program to more complex decision scenarios (e.g. dependent and partially reliable witnesses and measurement