Richard Lower (physician)

（原始内容存档于2022-05-25）.  Dellorto, Danielle (22 August 2012). "Experts: Rape does not lower odds of pregnancy" （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. 有线电视新闻网. Begley, Sharon; Heavey, Susan

356 (11): 1166–1168. PMID 17360996. doi:10.1056/NEJMe078007.  Richard Knox. To Lower Costs, Mass. May Restructure Doctor Pay. Morning Edition（英语：Morning

Diagnosis and treatment of acute uncomplicated cystitis.. American family physician. 2011-10-01, 84 (7): 771–6. PMID 22010614.  Salvatore, S; Salvatore, S

Can HIT Lower Costs and Improve Quality? （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Retrieved on July 8, 2006 Ross Koppel, PhD; et al. Role of Computerized Physician Order Entry

1665年，英格蘭醫生理查·洛爾（英语：Richard Lower (physician)）完成了狗對狗輸血的首次成功記錄。隨後，許多醫生將動物血液輸入人體，導致人命傷亡。1678年，教宗宣告禁止輸血。 1818年，英格蘭婦產科醫生詹姆斯·布倫戴爾（英语：James Blundell (physician