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Kinross. The Ottoman centuries: the rise and fall of the Turkish empire. Morrow. 1977年. ISBN 0-688-03093-9 （英语）. Colin Imber. The Ottoman Empire, 1300-1650:
鄂圖曼帝國大空位期
Shaw（1976年），《History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey: Volume 1, Empire of the Gazis: The Rise and Decline of the Ottoman Empire 1280-1808》，第37頁，Cambridge
Multilingual Empire: Translations of the Kanun-ı Esasi and Other Official Texts into Minority Languages. Herzog, Christoph; Malek Sharif (编). The First Ottoman Experiment
土耳其犹太人历史
仍然有少量犹太人口，其中绝大多数居住在伊斯坦布尔，還有一些居住在伊兹密尔。 Shaw, Stanford J. The Jews of the Ottoman Empire and the Turkish Republic. Springer Publishing. 27 July 2016: 40
culture from the Turkoman menace." Possessors and possessed: museums, archaeology, and the visualization of history in the late Ottoman Empire; By Wendy