锖

HCNH+
	IUPAC名; Methylidyneammonium; Methylidyneazanium
	系統名; Methylidyneammonium
英文名	Protonated hydrogen cyanide
別名	質子化氰化氫，錆
識別
CAS號	38263-97-7
PubChem	22952220（HC≡N+H）; 274441977
ChemSpider	10446358 HC≡N+H, 18948137 HC+=NH
SMILES	C#[NH+];
InChI	1S/CHN/c1-2/h1H/p+1;
InChIKey	LELOWRISYMNNSU-UHFFFAOYSA-O
性質
化學式	CH2N
摩爾質量	28.03 g·mol−1
結構
分子構型	線形：HC≡N+H
相關物質
相關等電子體	乙炔
	若非註明，所有數據均出自標準狀態（25 ℃，100 kPa）下。

HCNH⁺（錆^{[來源請求]}），又稱質子化的氰化氫，是天體物理學感興趣的離子。它也在超強酸中以凝聚態存在。

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結構

在基態下, HC+NH 是簡單的線形分子，而激發態三線態則有順反異構。高能的結構異構體 H₂CN⁺ 和C+NH₂ 也有理論研究。^[4]

實驗室研究

作為一種相對簡單的離子，HCNH⁺ 在實驗室中得到了廣泛的研究。在任何波長處拍攝的第一個光譜集中在紅外線中的 ν₂（CH鍵拉伸）的旋轉振動帶上。 ^[5] 不久之後，他們也報告了對 ν₁（NH鍵拉伸）帶的研究。 ^[6] 在這些初步研究之後，幾個小組發表了關於各種HCNH⁺旋轉振動光譜的研究，包括研究ν₃ 帶（C≡N鍵拉伸）、^[7] ν₄帶（H−C≡N 彎曲）^[8] 和 ν₅ 帶（H−N≡C 彎曲） .^[9]

雖然所有這些研究都集中在紅外線中的旋轉振動光譜上，但直到1998年，技術才發展到足以研究微波中 HCNH⁺ 的純旋轉光譜。當時發表了HCNH⁺及其同位素代分子（英語：isotopomers） HCND⁺和 DCND⁺ 的微波光譜。^[10] 最近，為了更精確地確定分子旋轉常數 B 和D，人們再次測量了 HCNH⁺ 的純旋轉光譜。^[11]

產生和毀滅

根據天體化學網（頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）的資料庫，HCNH⁺最先進的化學模型包括71個產生反應和21個毀滅反應。然而，其中只有少數反應主導了整體的產生和毀滅。^[12]對於產生，有7種主要反應：

H+
3 + HCN → HCNH⁺ + H₂

H+
3 + HNC → HCNH⁺ + H₂

HCO⁺ + HCN → HCNH⁺ + CO

HCO⁺ + HNC → HCNH⁺ + CO

H₃O⁺ + HCN → HCNH⁺ + H₂O

H₃O⁺ + HNC → HCNH⁺ + H₂O

C⁺ + NH₃ → HCNH⁺ + H

天文學探測

首次的星際探測

HCNH⁺ 在1986年首次於星際空間中使用美國國家無線電天文台的12米圓盤和德克薩斯毫米波天文台在人馬座B2探測到。^[13]

隨後的星際探測

在首次探測過後，HCNH⁺ 也在TMC-1^[14] ^[15] 和DR 21(OH)中觀察到。^[14] ^[16]人們對人馬座B2的初步檢測也已得到確認。^[14]^[17]

太陽系

根據卡西尼-惠更斯號的離子和中性質譜儀 (INMS) 的數據，雖然沒有通過光譜法直接檢測到，但已經推斷出土星最大的衛星——土衛六的大氣中存在 HCNH⁺^[18]。

1997年，人們對長周期彗星海爾-波普彗星觀測，嘗試探測 HCNH⁺ ^[19]，但沒有探測到。

參考資料

[1]
Methylidyneammonium | CH₂N. ChemSpider. [27 January 2019]. （原始內容存檔於2022-01-02）.
[2]
Methanimine. PubChem. [27 January 2019]. （原始內容存檔於2019-07-27）（英語）.
[3]
methanimine | CH₂N. ChemSpider. [27 January 2019]. （原始內容存檔於2021-12-19）.
[4]
Allen, T. L., Goddard, J. D., & Schaefer, H. F. III. A possible role for triplet H₂CN⁺ isomers in the formation of HCN and HNC in interstellar clouds. Journal of Chemical Physics. 1980, 73 (7): 3255–3263 [2021-09-07]. Bibcode:1980JChPh..73.3255A. doi:10.1063/1.440520. （原始內容存檔於2021-09-07）.
[5]
Altman, R. S., Crofton, M. W., & Oka, T. Observation of the infrared ν₂ band (CH stretch) of protonated hydrogen cyanide, HCNH⁺. Journal of Chemical Physics. 1984, 80 (8): 3911–3912. Bibcode:1984JChPh..80.3911A. doi:10.1063/1.447173.
[6]
Altman, R. S., Crofton, M. W., & Oka, T. High resolution infrared spectroscopy of the ν₁ (NH stretch) and ν₂ (CH stretch) bands of HCNH⁺. Journal of Chemical Physics. 1984, 81 (10): 4255–4258. Bibcode:1984JChPh..81.4255A. doi:10.1063/1.447433.
[7]
Kajita, M., Kawaguchi, K., & Hirota, E. Diode laser spectroscopy of the ν₃ (CN stretch) band of HCNH⁺. Journal of Molecular Spectroscopy. 1988, 127 (1): 275–276. Bibcode:1988JMoSp.127..275K. doi:10.1016/0022-2852(88)90026-4.
[8]
Tanaka, K., Kawaguchi, K., & Hirota, E. Diode laser spectroscopy of the ν₄ (HCN bend) band of HCNH⁺. Journal of Molecular Spectroscopy. 1986, 117 (2): 408–415. Bibcode:1986JMoSp.117..408T. doi:10.1016/0022-2852(86)90164-5.
[9]
Ho, W.-C., Blom, C. E., Liu, D.-J., & Oka, T. The infrared ν₅ band (HNC bend) of protonated hydrogen cyanide, HCNH⁺. Journal of Molecular Spectroscopy. 1987, 123 (1): 251–253. Bibcode:1987JMoSp.123..251H. doi:10.1016/0022-2852(87)90275-X.
[10]
Araki, M., Ozeki, H., & Saito, S. Laboratory Measurement of the Pure Rotational Transitions of HCNH⁺ and Its Isotopic Species. Astrophysical Journal Letters. 1998, 496 (1): L53. Bibcode:1998ApJ...496L..53A. S2CID 17868534. arXiv:astro-ph/9801241 . doi:10.1086/311245.
[11]
Amano, T., Hashimoto, K., & Hirao, T. Submillimeter-wave spectroscopy of HCNH⁺ and CH₃CNH⁺. Journal of Molecular Structure. 2006, 795 (1–3): 190–193. Bibcode:2006JMoSt.795..190A. doi:10.1016/j.molstruc.2006.02.035.
[12]
Millar, T. J., Farquhar, P. R. A., & Willacy, K. The UMIST Database for Astrochemistry 1995. Astronomy & Astrophysics Supplement Series. 1997, 121 (1): 139–185. Bibcode:1997A&AS..121..139M. arXiv:1212.6362 . doi:10.1051/aas:1997118.
[13]
Ziurys, L. M.; Turner, B. E. HCNH⁺: A New Interstellar Molecular Ion (PDF). The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 1986, 302: L31–L36 [2021-09-07]. Bibcode:1986ApJ...302L..31Z. PMID 11542069. doi:10.1086/184631. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2012-03-09）.
[14]
Schilke, P., Walmsley, C. M., Millar, T. J., & Henkel, C. Protonated HCN in molecular clouds. Astronomy & Astrophysics. 1991, 247: 487–496. Bibcode:1991A&A...247..487S.
[15]
Ziurys, L. M., Apponi, A. J., & Yoder, J. T. Detection of the Quadrupole Hyperfine Structure in HCNH⁺. The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 1992, 397: L123–L126. Bibcode:1992ApJ...397L.123Z. doi:10.1086/186560.
[16]
Hezareh, T., Houde, M., McCoey, C., Vastel, C., & Peng, R. Simultaneous Determination of the Cosmic Ray Ionization Rate and Fractional Ionization in DR 21(OH). The Astrophysical Journal. 2008, 684 (2): 1221–1227. Bibcode:2008ApJ...684.1221H. S2CID 6284545. arXiv:0805.4018 . doi:10.1086/590365.
[17]
Nummelin, A., Bergman, P., Hjalmarson, Å., Friberg, P., Irvine, W. M., Millar, T. J., Ohishi, M., & Saito, S. A Three-Position Spectral Line Survey of Sagittarius B2 between 218 and 263 GHz. II. Data Analysis. The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 2000, 128 (1): 213–243. Bibcode:2000ApJS..128..213N. doi:10.1086/313376 .
[18]
Cravens, T. E., Robertson, I. P., Waite, J. H., Yelle, R. V., Kasprzak, W. T., Keller, C. N., Ledvina, S. A., Niemann, H. B., Luhmann, J. G., McNutt, R. L., Ip, W.-H., De La Haye, V., Mueller-Wodarg, I., Wahlund, J.-E., Anicich, V. G., & Vuitton, V. Composition of Titan's atmosphere (PDF). Geophysical Research Letters. 2006, 33 (7): L07105. Bibcode:2006GeoRL..3307105C. doi:10.1029/2005GL025575 . hdl:2027.42/94758.
[19]
Ziurys, L. M., Savage, C., Brewster, M. A., Apponi, A. J., Pesch, T. C., & Wyckoff, S. Cyanide Chemistry in Comet Hale-Bopp (C/1995 O1). The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 1999, 527 (1): L67–L71. Bibcode:1999ApJ...527L..67Z. PMID 10567001. doi:10.1086/312388 .

[chemspider-1] [1]
Methylidyneammonium | CH₂N. ChemSpider. [27 January 2019]. （原始內容存檔於2022-01-02）.

[pubchem-2] [2]
Methanimine. PubChem. [27 January 2019]. （原始內容存檔於2019-07-27）（英語）.

[chemspider37-3] [3]
methanimine | CH₂N. ChemSpider. [27 January 2019]. （原始內容存檔於2021-12-19）.

[4] [4]
Allen, T. L., Goddard, J. D., & Schaefer, H. F. III. A possible role for triplet H₂CN⁺ isomers in the formation of HCN and HNC in interstellar clouds. Journal of Chemical Physics. 1980, 73 (7): 3255–3263 [2021-09-07]. Bibcode:1980JChPh..73.3255A. doi:10.1063/1.440520. （原始內容存檔於2021-09-07）.

[5] [5]
Altman, R. S., Crofton, M. W., & Oka, T. Observation of the infrared ν₂ band (CH stretch) of protonated hydrogen cyanide, HCNH⁺. Journal of Chemical Physics. 1984, 80 (8): 3911–3912. Bibcode:1984JChPh..80.3911A. doi:10.1063/1.447173.

[6] [6]
Altman, R. S., Crofton, M. W., & Oka, T. High resolution infrared spectroscopy of the ν₁ (NH stretch) and ν₂ (CH stretch) bands of HCNH⁺. Journal of Chemical Physics. 1984, 81 (10): 4255–4258. Bibcode:1984JChPh..81.4255A. doi:10.1063/1.447433.

[7] [7]
Kajita, M., Kawaguchi, K., & Hirota, E. Diode laser spectroscopy of the ν₃ (CN stretch) band of HCNH⁺. Journal of Molecular Spectroscopy. 1988, 127 (1): 275–276. Bibcode:1988JMoSp.127..275K. doi:10.1016/0022-2852(88)90026-4.

[8] [8]
Tanaka, K., Kawaguchi, K., & Hirota, E. Diode laser spectroscopy of the ν₄ (HCN bend) band of HCNH⁺. Journal of Molecular Spectroscopy. 1986, 117 (2): 408–415. Bibcode:1986JMoSp.117..408T. doi:10.1016/0022-2852(86)90164-5.

[9] [9]
Ho, W.-C., Blom, C. E., Liu, D.-J., & Oka, T. The infrared ν₅ band (HNC bend) of protonated hydrogen cyanide, HCNH⁺. Journal of Molecular Spectroscopy. 1987, 123 (1): 251–253. Bibcode:1987JMoSp.123..251H. doi:10.1016/0022-2852(87)90275-X.

[10] [10]
Araki, M., Ozeki, H., & Saito, S. Laboratory Measurement of the Pure Rotational Transitions of HCNH⁺ and Its Isotopic Species. Astrophysical Journal Letters. 1998, 496 (1): L53. Bibcode:1998ApJ...496L..53A. S2CID 17868534. arXiv:astro-ph/9801241 . doi:10.1086/311245.

[amano-11] [11]
Amano, T., Hashimoto, K., & Hirao, T. Submillimeter-wave spectroscopy of HCNH⁺ and CH₃CNH⁺. Journal of Molecular Structure. 2006, 795 (1–3): 190–193. Bibcode:2006JMoSt.795..190A. doi:10.1016/j.molstruc.2006.02.035.

[12] [12]
Millar, T. J., Farquhar, P. R. A., & Willacy, K. The UMIST Database for Astrochemistry 1995. Astronomy & Astrophysics Supplement Series. 1997, 121 (1): 139–185. Bibcode:1997A&AS..121..139M. arXiv:1212.6362 . doi:10.1051/aas:1997118.

[13] [13]
Ziurys, L. M.; Turner, B. E. HCNH⁺: A New Interstellar Molecular Ion (PDF). The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 1986, 302: L31–L36 [2021-09-07]. Bibcode:1986ApJ...302L..31Z. PMID 11542069. doi:10.1086/184631. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2012-03-09）.

[schilke-14] [14]
Schilke, P., Walmsley, C. M., Millar, T. J., & Henkel, C. Protonated HCN in molecular clouds. Astronomy & Astrophysics. 1991, 247: 487–496. Bibcode:1991A&A...247..487S.

[15] [15]
Ziurys, L. M., Apponi, A. J., & Yoder, J. T. Detection of the Quadrupole Hyperfine Structure in HCNH⁺. The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 1992, 397: L123–L126. Bibcode:1992ApJ...397L.123Z. doi:10.1086/186560.

[16] [16]
Hezareh, T., Houde, M., McCoey, C., Vastel, C., & Peng, R. Simultaneous Determination of the Cosmic Ray Ionization Rate and Fractional Ionization in DR 21(OH). The Astrophysical Journal. 2008, 684 (2): 1221–1227. Bibcode:2008ApJ...684.1221H. S2CID 6284545. arXiv:0805.4018 . doi:10.1086/590365.

[17] [17]
Nummelin, A., Bergman, P., Hjalmarson, Å., Friberg, P., Irvine, W. M., Millar, T. J., Ohishi, M., & Saito, S. A Three-Position Spectral Line Survey of Sagittarius B2 between 218 and 263 GHz. II. Data Analysis. The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 2000, 128 (1): 213–243. Bibcode:2000ApJS..128..213N. doi:10.1086/313376 .

[18] [18]
Cravens, T. E., Robertson, I. P., Waite, J. H., Yelle, R. V., Kasprzak, W. T., Keller, C. N., Ledvina, S. A., Niemann, H. B., Luhmann, J. G., McNutt, R. L., Ip, W.-H., De La Haye, V., Mueller-Wodarg, I., Wahlund, J.-E., Anicich, V. G., & Vuitton, V. Composition of Titan's atmosphere (PDF). Geophysical Research Letters. 2006, 33 (7): L07105. Bibcode:2006GeoRL..3307105C. doi:10.1029/2005GL025575 . hdl:2027.42/94758.

[19] [19]
Ziurys, L. M., Savage, C., Brewster, M. A., Apponi, A. J., Pesch, T. C., & Wyckoff, S. Cyanide Chemistry in Comet Hale-Bopp (C/1995 O1). The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 1999, 527 (1): L67–L71. Bibcode:1999ApJ...527L..67Z. PMID 10567001. doi:10.1086/312388 .

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