功能性磁振造影(fMRI,functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging)是一種神經影像學技術。其原理是利用磁振造影來測量神經元活動所引發之血液動力的改變。由於fMRI的非侵入性和其較少的輻射暴露量,從1990年代開始其就在腦部功能定位領域佔有了重要地位。目前,fMRI主要被運用於對人及動物的腦或脊髓之研究中。
血氧濃度相依對比(英語:Blood-oxygen-level-dependent imaging)(BOLD)首先由貝爾實驗室小川誠二等人於1990年所提出[2],小川博士與其同事很早就了解BOLD對於應用MRI於腦部功能性造影的重要性,但是第一個成功的fMRI研究則是由John W. Belliveau與其同事於1991年透過靜脈內造影劑(Gadolinium,Gd,釓)所提出[3]。接着由鄺健民等人於1992年發表在人身上的應用[4]。同年,小川博士於4月底提出了他的結果且於7月發表於PNAS。[5]在接下來的幾年,小川博士發表了BOLD的生物物理學模型於生物物理學期刊。[5]Bandettini博士也於1993年發表論文示範功能性活化地圖的量化測量。[6]
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