米德哈特憲法

《米德哈特憲法》是奧斯曼帝國蘇丹阿卜杜勒-哈米德二世，在米德哈特帕夏主持下，於1876年12月23日頒佈的第一部土耳其憲法，確立了君主立憲制政體。雖然存在許多局限性，但它使土耳其走上了立憲之路。^[1]

1876年米德哈特憲法封面

參考資料

1. 土耳其颁布第一部宪法. [2019-02-05]. （原始內容存檔於2021-01-05）.

參考文獻

• Strauss, Johann. A Constitution for a Multilingual Empire: Translations of the Kanun-ı Esasi and Other Official Texts into Minority Languages. Herzog, Christoph; Malek Sharif (編). The First Ottoman Experiment in Democracy. Wurzburg: Orient-Institut Istanbul. 2010: 21–51 [2022-01-22]. （原始內容存檔於2021-03-13）. (info page on book （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館） at Martin Luther University)

延伸閲讀

• Koçunyan, Aylin. The Transcultural Dimension of the Ottoman Constitution. Firges, Pascal; Tobias Graf; Christian Roth; Gülay Tulasoğlu (編). Well-Connected Domains: Towards an Entangled Ottoman History. Brill. 2014-06-16 [2022-01-22]. ISBN 9789004274686. doi:10.1163/9789004274686_015. （原始內容存檔於2022-01-22）.
• Korkut, Huseyin. CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF THE OTTOMAN CONSTITUTION (1876). Epiphany: Journal of Transdisciplinary Studies. 2016, 9 (1): 114–123 [2022-01-22]. （原始內容存檔於2018-10-30）. - author is of Kırklareli University
• Marcou, Jean. Turquie : la constitutionnalisation inachevée. Égypte/Monde arabe. 2005, 2: 53–73 [2022-01-22]. doi:10.4000/ema.1054 . （原始內容存檔於2022-01-22） （法語）. - Updated online 8 July 2008

Publications of the constitution in print

• Perso-Arabic Ottoman Turkish: Kanun-i esasi. Constantinople: Matbaa-i amire. 1876. (Ottoman year: 1292)
• Latin script Ottoman Turkish: Kili, Suna; A. Şeref Gözübüyük (編). Sened-i İttifaktan Günümüze Türk Anayasa Metinleri 1. Ankara: Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları. 1957: 31–44. - There are reprints
• Official French: Constitution ottomane promulguée le 7 Zilhidjé 1294 (11/23 décembre 1876). Typographie et Lithographie centrales. 1876-12-23. - Julian date 11 December 1876
  • Second print: Constitution ottomane promulguée le 7 Zilhidjé 1294 (11/23 décembre 1876) Rescrit (Hatt) de S.M.I. le Sultan. Constantinople: Loeffler. - Year may be 1876, but Strauss is uncertain
• Armeno-Turkish Kanunu esasi memaliki devleti osmaniye. Constantinople: La Turquie. 1876.
• Bulgarian: ОТТОМАНСКАТА КОНСТИТУЩЯ, ПРОВЪЗГЛАСЕНА на 7 зилхидже 1293 (₁₁/²³ Декемврш 1876) (Otomanskata konstitutsiya, provŭzglasena na 7 zilhidže 1293 (11/23 dekemvrii 1876)). Constantinople: 「Hakikat」 Press. 1876.
• Greek: Оθωμανικόν Σύνταγμα ανακηρυχθέν τη 7 Ζιλχιτζέ 1293 (11/23 δεκεμβρίου 1876) (Othōmanikon Syntagma anakērychthen tē 7 Zilchitze 1293 (11/23 dekemvriou 1876). Constantinople: Typographion 「Vyzantidos」. 1876.
• Arabic: Tarjamat al-khaṭṭ ash-sharīf as-sulṭānī wa l-Qānūn al-asāsī. Constantinople: Al-Jawāʾib Press. - Islamic year 1293, circa 1876 Gregorian
• Armenian: սահմանադրութիւն Օսմանյան պետութիւն (Sahmanadrut‘iwun Ôsmanean Petut‘ean). Istanbul: Masis. 1877.
• Judaeo-Spanish: Konstitusyon del Imperio otomano proklamada el 7 zilhidje 1283 (7 Tevet 5637). Constantinople: Estamparia De Castro en Galata. 1877. - Hebrew calendar 5637

外部連結

• "1876 KANUN-I ESASİ（頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）." Constitutional Court of Turkey（英語：Constitutional Court of Turkey） (Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Anayasa Mahkemesi（土耳其語：Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Anayasa Mahkemesi）) - About the constitution
• Article on the Kanûn-ı Esâsî（頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）

Copies of the constitution

• Original Ottoman Turkish version （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館） (basis of translation into languages used by Muslims)- at the website of the Constitutional Court of Turkey（英語：Constitutional Court of Turkey） (Modern Turkish transliteration （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館） (Ankara, 1982) with text version（頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）)
• French translation (the basis of translation into non-Muslim languages) published in:
  • Annotated version: Ubicini, Abdolonyme. La constitution ottomane du 7 zilhidjé 1293 (23 décembre 1876) Expliquée et Annotée par A. Ubicini. Paris: A. Cotillon et C^o.. 1877. - PDF file
  • Documents diplomatiques: 1875-1876-1877. Paris: 法國外交部. Imprimerie National. 1877: 272–289. - PDF document pages 281-298/545
  • Administration de la revue générale. Revue générale treizième année 25. Brussels: Imprimerie E. Guyott. 1877: 319–330. - In the section "Documents historiques" (February, Chapter 10 which begins on page 319) - PDF document pages 332-343/1073
  • Institut de droit international. Annuaire de l'Institut de droit international. Paris: G. Pedone. 1878: 296–316 [2019-09-15]. （原始內容存檔於2019-07-18）. - Read online（頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）. Text available（頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館） - Online on 17 January 2011
• Non-Muslim languages: Greek（頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館） (PDF file（頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）) from the Turkish, published by Voutyras Press, at the Veria Digital Library - From Sismanoglio Megaro of the Consulate Gen. of Greece in Istanbul ; Bulgarian（頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）
  • Note the Greek is in the 純正希臘語 style; for a portion in modern Demotic Greek（英語：Demotic Greek） (Δημοτική γλώσσα（希臘語：Δημοτική γλώσσα）) see Έθνη και κράτη στη Νοτιοανατολική Ευρώπη (PDF). : 70–71 [2019-09-15]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2020-02-15）. - Translated from the Boğaziçi English version by Professor Spyros Marketos, released in 2006
• English translations:
  • For a scientific English translation directly from the Ottoman Turkish version of the constitution, done by Max Bilal Heidelberger, see: Röder, Tilmann J. The Separation of Powers: Historical and Comparative Perspectives. Grote, Rainer; Tilmann J. Röder (編). Constitutionalism in Islamic Countries. Oxford University Press USA. 2012-01-11: 321-372. ISBN 9780199759880. - Old ISBN 019975988X; "The Basic Law [Kanūn-ı Esāsī] of the Ottoman Empire of December 23, 1876"; p. 341（頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）-352（頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館） - from the copy published in the Düstūr（英語：Düstur） (Ottoman Official Gazette) 1st series (tertïb-i evvel), Volume 4, Pages 4-20.
  • The Ottoman Constitution, Promulgated the 7th Zilbridje, 1293 (11/23 December, 1876). The American Journal of International Law（英語：The American Journal of International Law） (Cambridge University Press). 1908-10-01, 2 (4 (Supplement: Official Documents (Oct., 1908))): 367–387. JSTOR 2212668. doi:10.2307/2212668. - Translation inclosed in dispatch No. 113 in the MS. Records, 美國國務院, dated December 26, 1876 (PDF version)
  • Translation（頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）, including the "Tanzimat Fermani -- The Rescript of Gülhane – Gülhane Hatt-i Hümayunu 3 November 1839", at 畢爾肯大學
  • Full text of the First Ottoman Constitution (1876) - Translation posted by the Atatürk Institute of Modern Turkish History of 海峽大學, identity of the translator not stated. Alternate link with text of 1908 amendments（頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）. Alternate link of regular version at（頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館） 歐洲大學學院