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首過效應[1](first pass effect)又譯首渡效應[2]、首關效應,是指某些口服藥物從胃腸道吸收後,在通過腸黏膜經門靜脈系統進入肝臟時,可被肝藥酶、胃腸道各種酶和微生物聯合作用首次代謝滅活,而使進入體循環的藥量減少,藥效降低的現象[3]。此種代謝滅活稱為首過代謝(first pass metabolism)、循前代謝(presystemic metabolism)、首過消除(first pass elimination)。
首過效應典型的例子如:硝酸甘油口服時首過效應可滅活約90%,因此需要舌下給藥以避開首過效應,提高療效。避免首過效應的方法主要有:
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