錀是人造元素,沒有穩定同位素。錀有七種同位素,質量數分別是272、274、278–282。1994年發現的272Rg是第一個被發現的錀同位素,也是唯一一個直接合成出來的同位素,而其它同位素都是更重的元素的衰變產物。錀最長壽的同位素是半衰期約兩分鐘的282Rg,但未確認的283Rg和286Rg可能有更長的半衰期,分別是5.1分鐘和10.7分鐘。
圖表
More information 符號, Z ...
符號 | Z | N | 同位素質量(u) [n 1][n 2] |
半衰期 [n 1][n 2] |
衰變 方式 |
衰變 產物 |
原子核 自旋[n 1] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
272Rg | 111 | 161 | 272.15327(25)# | 2.0(8) ms [3.8(+14−8) ms] |
α | 268Mt | 5+#,6+# |
274Rg[n 3] | 111 | 163 | 274.15525(19)# | 6.4(+307−29) ms | α | 270Mt | |
278Rg[n 4] | 111 | 167 | 278.16149(38)# | 4.2(+75−17) ms | α | 274Mt | |
279Rg[n 5] | 111 | 168 | 279.16272(51)# | 0.17(+81−8) s | α | 275Mt | |
280Rg[n 6] | 111 | 169 | 280.16514(61)# | 3.6(+43−13) s | α | 276Mt | |
281Rg[n 7] | 111 | 170 | 281.16636(89)# | 17 (+6−3) s[2] | SF (90%) | (various) | |
α (10%) | 277Mt[2] | ||||||
282Rg[n 8] | 111 | 171 | 282.16912(72)# | 2.1 (+1.4-0.6) min[3] | α | 278Mt | |
283Rg | 111 | 172 | 283.17054(79)# | 10# min |
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- 畫上#號的數據代表沒有經過實驗的証明,僅為理論推測。
- 用括號括起來的數據代表不確定性。
- Not directly synthesized, occurs as a decay product of 278Nh
- Not directly synthesized, occurs as a decay product of 282Nh
- Not directly synthesized, occurs in decay chain of 287Mc
- Not directly synthesized, occurs in decay chain of 288Mc
- Not directly synthesized, occurs in decay chain of 293Ts
- Not directly synthesized, occurs in decay chain of 294Ts
同位素與核特性
下表列出各種可用以產生111號元素的目標、發射體組合。
More information 目標, 發射體 ...
目標 | 發射體 | CN | 結果 |
---|---|---|---|
205Tl | 70Zn | 275Rg | 至今失敗 |
208Pb | 65Cu | 273Rg | 反應成功 |
209Bi | 64Ni | 273Rg | 反應成功 |
231Pa | 48Ca | 279Rg | 尚未嘗試 |
238U | 41K | 279Rg | 尚未嘗試 |
244Pu | 37Cl | 281Rg | 尚未嘗試 |
248Cm | 31P | 279Rg | 尚未嘗試 |
250Cm | 31P | 281Rg | 尚未嘗試 |
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2004年,美國勞倫斯伯克利國家實驗室在利用原子序為奇數的發射體進行該冷聚變反應時,檢測到272Rg的單個原子。[5][6]
下表列出直接合成錀的聚變核反應的截面和激發能量。粗體數據代表從激發函數算出的最大值。+代表觀測到的出口通道。
參考文獻
- Oganessian, Yu. Ts.; Utyonkov, V. K.; Kovrizhnykh, N. D.; et al. New isotope 286Mc produced in the 243Am+48Ca reaction. Physical Review C. 2022, 106 (64306): 064306. Bibcode:2022PhRvC.106f4306O. S2CID 254435744. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.106.064306.
- Oganessian, Yuri Ts.; Abdullin, F. Sh.; Alexander, C.; Binder, J.; et al. Experimental studies of the 249Bk + 48Ca reaction including decay properties and excitation function for isotopes of element 117, and discovery of the new isotope 277Mt. Physical Review C (American Physical Society). 2013-05-30, 87 (054621). Bibcode:2013PhRvC..87e4621O. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.87.054621.
- Khuyagbaatar, J.; Yakushev, A.; Düllmann, Ch. E.; et al. 48Ca+249Bk Fusion Reaction Leading to Element Z=117: Long-Lived α-Decaying 270Db and Discovery of 266Lr. Physical Review Letters. 2014, 112 (17): 172501 [2015-11-16]. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.112.172501. (原始內容存檔於2015-11-07).
- Morita, K; Morimoto, K; Kaji, D; Goto, S; Haba, H; Ideguchi, E; Kanungo, R; Katori, K; Koura, H. Status of heavy element research using GARIS at RIKEN. Nuclear Physics A. 2004, 734: 101. doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2004.01.019.
- Folden, C. M. Development of an Odd-Z-Projectile Reaction for Heavy Element Synthesis: ^{208}Pb(^{64}Ni,n)^{271}Ds and ^{208}Pb(^{65}Cu,n)^{272}111. Physical Review Letters. 2004, 93 (21): 212702. Bibcode:2004PhRvL..93u2702F. PMID 15601003. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.93.212702.
- "Development of an Odd-Z-Projectile Reaction for Heavy Element Synthesis: 208Pb(64Ni,n)271Ds and 208Pb(65Cu,n)272111" (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館), Folden et al., LBNL repositories. Retrieved on 2008-03-02
- Isotope masses from Ame2003 Atomic Mass Evaluation by G. Audi, A.H. Wapstra, C. Thibault, J. Blachot and O. Bersillon in Nuclear Physics A729 (2003).
- Half-life, spin, and isomer data selected from these sources. Editing notes on this article's talk page.
- Audi, Bersillon, Blachot, Wapstra. The Nubase2003 evaluation of nuclear and decay properties (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館), Nuc. Phys. A 729, pp. 3-128 (2003).
- National Nuclear Data Center, Brookhaven National Laboratory. Information extracted from the NuDat 2.1 database (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館) (retrieved Sept. 2005).
- David R. Lide (ed.), Norman E. Holden in CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 85th Edition, online version. CRC Press. Boca Raton, Florida (2005). Section 11, Table of the Isotopes.
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