"Modern exegesis holds two different opinions in regard to the meaning of the word "Nehushtan," which is explained either as denoting an image of bronze, and as entirely unconnected with the word "naḥash" (serpent), or as a lengthened form of "naḥash" (comp. νεεσθάν in the Septuagint), and thus as implying that the worship of serpents was of ancient date in Israel. The assumption that the tradition about "Nehushtan" is not older than the time of Hezekiah is, however, not contested." Jewish Encyclopedia, s.v. "Nehushtan" (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館); H. H. Rowley, "Zadok and Nehushtan" Journal of Biblical Literature58.2 (June 1939:113-141) p. 132 observes, "We have no record of this Brazen Serpent before this time, save for the obvious aetiological story in Num. 8 f, which states that this sacred symbol had its origin in the Mosaic age".
Gordon Loud, Megiddo II: Plates plate 240: 1, 4, from Stratum X (dated by Loud 1650-1550 BC) and Statum VIIB (dated 1250-1150 BC), noted by Joines 1968:245f.
此條目包含現處於公共領域的出版物中的內容:Kaufmann Kohler, Isaac Husik, Morris Jastrow Jr., J. Frederic McCurdy. Brazen serpent. Singer, Isidore; et al (編). 猶太百科全書. New York: Funk & Wagnalls Company. 1901–1906.