天麻屬

天麻屬（學名：Gastrodia），又名赤箭屬，是蘭科下的一個屬，為腐生蘭。該屬共有約20種，分佈於東亞、馬來西亞至大洋洲。^[1]其中天麻具有重要的藥用價值，許多物種是研究蘭科植物與菌類協同進化的重要材料。

天麻屬
天麻 Gastrodia elata
科學分類
界：	植物界 Plantae
演化支：	維管束植物 Tracheophyta
演化支：	被子植物 Angiosperms
演化支：	單子葉植物 Monocots
目：	天門冬目 Asparagales
科：	蘭科 Orchidaceae
亞科：	樹蘭亞科 Epidendroideae
族：	天麻族 Gastrodieae
亞族：	天麻亞族 Gastrodiinae
屬：	天麻屬 Gastrodia R.Br., 1810
種
見正文

下屬物種

本屬包括以下物種：^[2]

• Gastrodia abscondita
• 非洲天麻 Gastrodia africana
• Gastrodia agnicellus Hermans & P.J.Cribb, 2020，發現於馬達加斯加
• 無喙天麻 Gastrodia albida T. C. Hsu & C. M. Kuo
• 長果梗天麻 Gastrodia albidoides Y. H. Tan & T. C. Hsu
• Gastrodia amamiana Suetsugu^[3]
• 原天麻 Gastrodia angusta S. Chow & S. C. Chen
• Gastrodia antennifera Blume, 1856
• 台灣天麻 Gastrodia appendiculata C. S. Leou & N. J. Chung
• Gastrodia arunachalensis S.N.Hegde & A.N.Rao, 1985
• 秋天麻 Gastrodia autumnalis T.P.Lin, 1987
• Gastrodia bambu Metusala^[4]
• 霸王嶺天麻 Gastrodia bawanglingensis ^[5]
• Gastrodia boninensis
• 緋赤箭 Gastrodia callosa
• 閉花赤箭 Gastrodia clausa T. C. Hsu, S. W. Chung & C. M. Kuo ，閉花天麻
• Gastrodia celebica
• 八代天麻 Gastrodia confusa Honda & Tuyama
• 擬八代天麻 Gastrodia confusoides T. C. Hsu, S. W. Chung & C. M. Kuo
• Gastrodia crassisepala
• Gastrodia crebriflora
• Gastrodia crispa J.J.Sm., 1921
• Gastrodia cunninghamii Hook.f., 1853
• 大名山天麻 Gastrodia damingshanensis A. Q. Hu & T. C. Hsu
• Gastrodia dioscoreirrhiza
• 白花天麻 Gastrodia dyeriana King & Pantl.，高山天麻
• 天麻 Gastrodia elata Blume
  • 松天麻 Gastrodia elata f. alba
  • 紅天麻 Gastrodia elata f. elata
  • 黃天麻 Gastrodia elata f. flavida
  • 烏天麻 Gastrodia elata f. glauca
  • 綠天麻 Gastrodia elata f. viridis
• Gastrodia entomogama D.L.Jones, 1991
• Gastrodia exilis
• Gastrodia falconeri D.L.Jones & M.A.Clem., 1998
• Gastrodia fimbriata
• 夏天麻 Gastrodia flavilabella S. S. Ying
• 摺柱赤箭 Gastrodia flexistyla T. C. Hsu & C. M. Kuo，折柱天麻
• Gastrodia foetida
• 春天麻 Gastrodia fontinalis T. P. Lin
• 福建天麻 Gastrodia fujianensis Liang Ma, Xin Y. Chen & S. P. Chen
• 細天麻 Gastrodia gracilis Blume
• Gastrodia grandilabris
• Gastrodia gunatillekeorum Bandara, Priyankara & Kumar^[6]
• Gastrodia hasseltii Blume, 1856，為Gastrodia javanica (Blume) Lindl.的異名
• Gastrodia hayatae Tuyama, 1941，為Gastrodia exilis Hook.f.的異名
• Gastrodia hectori Buchanan, 1887，為Prasophyllum hectorii (Buchanan) Molloy, D.L.Jones & M.A.Clem.的異名
• 冬天麻 Gastrodia hiemalis T.P.Lin, 1987
• Gastrodia holttumii Carr, 1929
• Gastrodia huapingensis Huang, Hu, Hsu et Liu, 2015^[7]
• 南天麻 Gastrodia javanica (Blume) Lindl.
• 克欽天麻 Gastrodia kachinensis ^[8]
• 高雄天麻 Gastrodia kaoshiungensis T. P. Lin
• Gastrodia kuroshimensis Suetsugu^[9]
• Gastrodia lacista
• Gastrodia leucopetala Colenso, 1885，為Gastrodia cunninghamii Hook.f.的異名。
• Gastrodia longiflora Suetsugu^[10]
• 海南天麻 Gastrodia longitubularis Q. W. Meng, X. Q. Song & Y. B. Luo
• Gastrodia lutea Fukuy.
• 馬達加斯加天麻 Gastrodia madagascariensis H.Perrier ex Martos & Bytebier ^[11]
• Gastrodia mairei Schltr., 1913
• 馬來亞天麻 Gastrodia malayana Ridl., 1907
• 勐海天麻 Gastrodia menghaiensis Z. H. Tsi & S. C. Chen
• 小天麻 Gastrodia minor
• Gastrodia munasinghae Atthanagoda, C.Bandara & Kumara^[12]
• 南投天麻 Gastrodia nantoensis T. C. Hsu & C. M. Kuo ex T. P. Lin
• 日本赤箭 Gastrodia nipponica (Honda) Tuyama, 1939，基異名為Didymoplexis nipponica Honda
• 沖繩天麻 Gastrodia okinawensis Suetsugu^[13]
• Gastrodia orobanchoides (Falc.) Hook.f., Gastrodia falconeri D.L.Jones & M.A.Clem.，為Gastrodia falconeri D.L.Jones & M.A.Clem.的異名
• Gastrodia ovata F.M.Bailey, 1901，為Cheirostylis ovata (F.M.Bailey) Schltr.的異名
• Gastrodia pallens (Griff.) F.Muell., 1873，同模異名為：Didymoplexis pallens Griff.
• 巴布亞天麻 Gastrodia papuana Schltr., 1911
• 北插天天麻 Gastrodia peichatieniana S. S. Ying
• Gastrodia procera G.W.Carr, 1991
• 冬赤箭 Gastrodia pubilabiata Sawa，冬天麻
• 白點天麻 Gastrodia punctata Aver. ^[14]
• Gastrodia pushparaga ^[15]
• 葡萄天麻 Gastrodia putaoensis ^[16]
• 青雲山天麻 Gastrodia qingyunshanensis Jiu X. Huang, H. Xu & H. J. Yang, 2021^[17]
• 昆士蘭天麻 Gastrodia queenslandica Dockrill, 1964
• 紅寶石天麻 Gastrodia rubinea T. P. Lin
• Gastrodia schinziana Kraenzl., Kraenzl.
• Gastrodia selabintanensis Tsukaya & A.Hidayat^[18]
• Gastrodia sesamoides R.Br., 1810
• Gastrodia shikokiana Makino，名稱已修訂，正名是：疊鞘蘭 Chamaegastrodia shikokiana
• 清水氏赤箭 Gastrodia shimizuana Tuyama，叉脊天麻
• 暹羅天麻 Gastrodia siamensis Rolfe ex Downie, 1925，異名：Gastrodia exilis Hook.f.
• Gastrodia stapfii Hayata
• 蘇氏赤箭 Gastrodia sui C. S. Leou, T. C. Hsu & C. L. Yeh，屏東天麻
• Gastrodia surcula D.L.Jones
• Gastrodia taiensis Tuyama, 1941
• 台灣天麻 Gastrodia taiwaniana Fukuy., 1934
• Gastrodia takeshimensis Suetsugu^[19]
• 短柱赤箭 Gastrodia theana Aver.，短柱天麻
• Gastrodia thilakapremae Atthanagoda, C.Bandara & Kumara^[12]
• 疣天麻 Gastrodia tuberculata F. Y. Liu & S. C. Chen
• 烏來赤箭 Gastrodia uraiensis T. C. Hsu & C. M. Kuo，烏來天麻
• Gastrodia urceolata D.L.Jones
• Gastrodia verrucosa Blume
• Gastrodia vescula D.L.Jones
• 武夷山天麻 Gastrodia wuyishanensis D. M. Li & C. D. Liu
• 錫蘭天麻 Gastrodia zeylanica Schltr.

雜交種：

• Gastrodia ×nippouraiensis Suetsugu & T.C.Hsu

參考文獻

1. 中国种子植物科属词典. 中國數字植物標本館. [2012-04-02]. （原始內容存檔於2012-04-11）.
2. Gastrodia R.Br.. GBIF. [2022-11-22]. （原始內容存檔於2023-01-14）.
3. Kenji Suetsugu. 2019. Gastrodia amamiana (Orchidaceae; Epidendroideae; Gastrodieae), A New Completely Cleistogamous Species from Japan. Phytotaxa. 413(3); 225–230. DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.413.3.3
4. Destario Metusala and Jatna Supriatna. 2017. Gastrodia bambu (Orchidaceae: Epidendroideae), A New Species from Java, Indonesia. Phytotaxa. 317(3); 211–218. DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.317.3.5
5. 海南热带雨林国家公园发现兰科植物新物种：霸王岭天麻. GBIF. [2023-03-28]. （原始內容存檔於2023-03-28）.
6. Champika Bandara, Theja Priyankara, Anusha G. Atthanagoda, Tithira Lakkana, Sisira Ediriweera and Pankaj Kumar. 2020. Gastrodia gunatillekeorum (Gastrodieae, Epidendroideae, Orchidaceae), A New Species from A Lowland Rainforest of Sri Lanka. Phytotaxa. 436(1); 55–62. DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.436.1.5
7. Xin-Yi Huang, Ai-Qun Hu, Tian-Chuan Hsu and Yan Liu. 2015. Gastrodia huapingensis (Orchidaceae: Epidendroideae: Gastrodieae): A Remarkable New Mycoheterotrophic Orchid with dimorphic columns from China. Phytotaxa. 222(4); 290-294. DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.222.4.7
8. 克钦天麻, 缅甸被子植物一新种. NSII. [2023-02-18]. （原始內容存檔於2023-02-18）.
9. Kenji Suetsugu. 2016. Gastrodia kuroshimensis (Orchidaceae), A New Mycoheterotrophic and Complete Cleistogamous Plant from Japan. Phytotaxa. 278(3); 265–272. DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.278.3.6
10. Kenji Suetsugu. 2021. Gastrodia longiflora (Orchidaceae: Epidendroideae: Gastrodieae), A New Mycoheterotrophic Species from Ishigaki Island, Ryukyu Islands, Japan. Phytotaxa. 502(1); 107–110. DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.502.1.9
11. Florent Martos, Steven D Johnson and Benny Bytebier. 2015. Gastrodia madagascariensis (Gastrodieae, Orchidaceae): from An Historical Designation to A Description of A New Species from Madagascar. Phytotaxa. 221(1): 48–56. DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.221.1.4
12. Champika Bandara, Anusha Gayan Atthanagoda, Nadeesha Lewke Bandara and Pankaj Kumar. 2023. The Study of the Tribe Gastrodieae (Orchidaceae, Epidendroideae) in Sri Lanka I: Two New Species of Gastrodia. Phytotaxa. 622(2); 115-130. DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.622.2.2
13. Kenji Suetsugu. 2017. Two New Species of Gastrodia (Gastrodieae, Epidendroideae, Orchidaceae) from Okinawa Island, Ryukyu Islands, Japan. Phytotaxa. 302(3); 251-258. DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.302.3.4
14. 嘉道理農場暨植物園 香港大學生物科學學院 中國醫學科學院藥用植物研究所海南分所 ; 海南霸王嶺國家級自然保護區 | 盧剛 胡愛群 肖艷，中國蘭科天麻屬一新記錄種——白點天麻
15. Gastrodia pushparaga (Orchidaceae, Epidendroideae, Gastrodieae), a new species from Sri Lanka. Phytotaxa. [2023-03-18].
16. 葡萄天麻——缅北又一植物新种. NSII. [2023-02-18]. （原始內容存檔於2023-02-18）.
17. Shi Shi, Haijun Yang, Xuefen Wei, Qianyu Liang, Xindong Yang, Xianxing Zeng, Chonglin Xie, Liubao Chen, Qinghua Huang, Guohong Zeng, Zhurong Jiang, Han Xu and Jiuxiang Huang. 2021. Gastrodia qingyunshanensis (Orchidaceae: Epidendroideae)—A New holomycotrophic Orchid from Guangdong, China. Phytotaxa. 483(2); 177–182. DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.483.2.10
18. Hirokazu Tsukaya and Arief Hidayat. 2016. A New Species of Gastrodia (Orchidaceae: Gastrodieae, Epidendroideae) from Java. Phytotaxa 273 (1): 77–80. DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.273.1.9
19. Kenji Suetsugu. 2013. Gastrodia takeshimensis (Orchidaceae), A New Mycoheterotrophic Species from Japan. Annales Botanici Fennici. 50(6):375-378. DOI: 10.5735/085.050.0613