佛教宇宙觀認為,世界有無數無盡的佛陀依次出世傳法。在我們的娑婆世界中,現在所處的時代叫賢劫,有千佛出世,過去叫莊嚴劫,也有千佛出世。拘留孫佛爲賢劫千佛之第一佛,釋迦牟尼佛爲賢劫千佛之第四佛,而拘留孫佛之前,則是莊嚴劫出世的佛陀。過去莊嚴劫最後出世的三佛,與現在賢劫最先出世的四佛,合稱為「(過去)七佛」,爲離我們現在時間最近、依次出世的七尊佛陀[1];南傳上座部佛教還有「二十八佛」之稱,見於《佛種姓經》。
三寶佛
五方佛和十方佛
過去七佛
釋迦牟尼佛曾列舉過娑婆世界過去世的六尊佛,加上釋迦牟尼佛(喬達摩),稱爲過去七佛。
二十九佛
上座部佛教轉述過去二十五佛,後發展爲二十七佛,加上釋迦牟尼佛,稱爲「二十八佛」[3],再加當來下生彌勒佛,共稱「二十九佛」。
那體慧和Richard Gombrich等學者認為,「過去二十五佛」可能是要與耆那教競爭而提出來的,因為耆那教有一套相當明確的二十四位宗師底里坦迦羅(Tīrthaṅkara)的體系,很可能是在西元前二或三世紀時,作為二十五佛來源的《佛種姓經》完成了編輯和入藏[4]。其中,過去七佛在很多經藏中都能見到,提舍佛(Tiṣya)和弗沙佛(Puṣya)也見於《大悲經》,僅有這九尊佛陀常見於多本經典。
巴利語佛號[5][6][7] | 梵語佛號 | 漢譯名 | 種姓[6][7] | 誕生地[6][7] | 父母[6][7] | 菩提樹種[6][7][8] | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Taṇhaṅkara | Tṛṣṇaṃkara | 除渴愛佛[9] | 剎帝利 | Popphavadi | King Sunandha, and Queen Sunandhaa | Rukkaththana |
2 | Medhaṅkara | Medhaṃkara | 用智能佛[10] | Yaghara | Sudheva, and Yasodhara | Kaela | |
3 | Saraṇaṅkara | Śaraṇaṃkara | 歸依佛[11] (薩羅難迦羅佛、總持佛、作救護佛) |
Vipula | Sumangala, and Yasavathi | Pulila | |
4 | Dīpaṃkara | Dīpaṃkara | 燃燈佛[12] (錠光佛、定光佛) |
婆羅門 | Rammavatinagara | Sudheva, and Sumedhaya | Pipphala |
5 | Koṇḍañña | Kauṇḍinya | 智調佛[13] (和憍陳如同詞) |
剎帝利 | Rammavatinagara | Sunanda, and Sujata | Salakalyana |
6 | Maṅgala | Maṅgala | 吉祥佛[14] | 婆羅門[15] | Uttaranagara (Majhimmadesa) | Uttara, and Uttara | a naga |
7 | Sumana | Sumanas | 善意佛[16] | 剎帝利[15] | Mekhalanagara | Sudassana and Sirima | a naga |
8 | Revata[17] | Raivata | 離婆多佛[18] | 婆羅門[15] | Sudhannavatinagara | Vipala and Vipula | a naga |
9 | Sobhita | Śobhita | 光耀佛[19] | 剎帝利[15] | Sudhammanagara | Sudhammanagara (father) and Sudhammanagara (mother) | a naga |
10 | Anomadassi | Anavamadarśin | 超見佛[20] | 婆羅門[15] | Chandavatinagara | Yasava and Yasodara | ajjuna |
11 | Paduma[21] | Padma | 蓮花佛[22] | 剎帝利[15] | Champayanagara | Asama, and Asama | salala |
12 | Nārada | Nārada | 那羅陀佛 | Dhammavatinagara | King Sudheva and Anopama | sonaka | |
13 | Padumuttara[23] | Padmottara | 勝蓮華(花)佛[24] | 剎帝利 | Hansavatinagara | Anurula, and Sujata | salala |
14 | Sumedha | Sumedha | 善慧佛[25] | 剎帝利 | Sudasananagara | Sumedha (father), and Sumedha (mother) | nipa |
15 | Sujāta | Sujāta | 善生佛[26] | Sumangalanagara | Uggata, and Pabbavati | velu | |
16 | Piyadassi[27] | Priyadarśin | 喜見佛[28] | Sudannanagara | Sudata, and Subaddha | kakudha | |
17 | Atthadassi | Arthadarśin | 義見佛[29] | 剎帝利 | Sonanagara | Sagara and Sudassana | champa |
18 | Dhammadassī | Dharmadarśin | 法見佛[30] | 剎帝利 | Surananagara | Suranamaha, and Sunanada | bimbajala |
19 | Siddhattha | Siddhārtha[31] | 成就義佛 (和悉達多同詞) |
Vibharanagara | Udeni, and Suphasa | kanihani | |
20 | Tissa | Tiṣya | 提舍佛 | Khemanagara | Janasando, and Paduma | assana | |
21 | Phussa[32] | Puṣya | 弗沙佛 | 剎帝利 | Kāśi | Jayasena, and Siremaya | amalaka |
22 | Vipassī | Vipaśyin | 毗婆尸佛[33] (超見佛、善觀佛) |
剎帝利 | Bandhuvatinagara | Vipassi (father), and Vipassi (mother) | 波吒釐樹(婆羅樹) patali |
23 | Sikhī | Śikhin | 尸棄佛[34] (頂髻佛) |
剎帝利 | Arunavattinagara | Arunavatti, and Paphavatti | 芬陀利樹 pundariko |
24 | Vessabhū | Viśvabhū | 毗舍婆佛[35] (毘舍浮佛、毗 |
剎帝利 | Anupamanagara | Suppalittha, and Yashavati | 娑羅樹 sala |
25 | Kakusandha | Krakucchanda | 拘留孫佛[36] (具峰佛) |
婆羅門 | Khemavatinagara | Agidatta the purohitta Brahman of King Khema, and Visakha | 利沙樹[37] airisa |
26 | Koṇāgamana | Kanakamuni | 拘那含佛[38] | 婆羅門[39] | Sobhavatinagara | Yannadatta the Brahman, and Uttara | 優曇婆羅樹 udumbara |
27 | Kassapa[40] | Kāśyapa | 迦葉佛[41] | 婆羅門 | Baranasinagara | Brahmadatta a Brahman, and Dhanavati | 尼拘律樹 nigroda |
28 | Gotama | Gautama | 喬達摩佛 (瞿曇佛、釋迦牟尼佛) |
剎帝利 | 藍毗尼(Lumbini) | 淨飯王(King Suddhodana), 摩耶夫人(Māyā) |
畢缽羅菩提樹 Asatu Bodhi |
29 | Metteyya | Maitreya | 彌勒佛[42] (慈氏佛) |
婆羅門[43] | Ketumatī
|
Subrahma and Brahmavati[44] | 龍華菩提樹(那伽菩提樹) Naga Bodhi |
三十五佛
五十三佛
參見
註釋參考
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