蒙古野驢

蒙古野驢
保護狀況
	; 近危（IUCN 3.1）
科學分類
界：	動物界 Animalia
門：	脊索動物門 Chordata
綱：	哺乳綱 Mammalia
目：	奇蹄目 Perissodactyla
科：	馬科 Equidae
屬：	馬屬 Equus
種：	亞洲野驢 E. hemionus
亞種：	蒙古野驢 E. h. hemionus
三名法
	Equus hemionus hemionus; Pallas, 1775
異名
	Equus hemonius luteus

蒙古野驢（Equus hemionus hemionus，蒙古語：ᠬᠤᠯᠠᠨ，西里爾字母：хулан），或稱戈壁野驢，是亞洲野驢的一個亞種。^[2]牠們分佈在蒙古及中國北方，以往亦曾在哈薩克出沒，但因獵殺而在當地滅絕了。^[3]

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蒙古野驢的分佈地於1990年代大大的減少。於1994年至1997年估計就有33000-63000隻蒙古野驢，分佈在差不多整個蒙古南部。^[4]但到了2003年就只有約20000隻，分佈在蒙古南部的17萬平方公里。^[5]雖然所有資料都非正式統計^[6]^[7]，但肯定牠們在過去70年就已失去了50%的分佈地。

蒙古野驢的數量下降是因被烹吃及與其他家畜爭食所致，並被列為瀕危物種。^[1]自1953年起，牠們在蒙古就已經全面受到保護。牠們被列在《瀕危野生動植物種國際貿易公約》附錄二中。^[8]但是，由於人類人口膨漲及嚴冬的氣候^[9]，牠們與牧民之間的爭競就更為激烈。

蒙古野驢被烹吃的問題日益嚴重。在一些地區，牠們的肉是很廉價。單於2005年的問卷調查，就顯示每年有多達4500匹蒙古野驢被烹吃，即總數量的20%。再者於1990年代初，政策容許城市居民回歸為遊牧民族，引發野外地區的人口及家畜暴增。^[10]^[11]^[12]

參考

[1]
Kaczensky, P., Lkhagvasuren, B., Pereladova, O., Hemami, M. & Bouskila, A. Equus hemionus ssp. hemionus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015. [2018年7月19日].
[2]
Oakenfull EA, Lim HN and Ryder AO. A survey of equid mitochondrial DNA: Implications for the evolution, genetic diversity and conservation of Equus. Cons Genet. 2000, 1: 341–355.
[3]
Clark, B. and Duncan, P. Asian Wild Asses - Hemiones and Kiangs (E. hemionus Pallas and E. kiang Moorcroft). P. Duncan (ed.) (編). Zebras, Asses, and Horses. An Action Plan for the Conservation of Wild Equids. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland: IUCN/SSC Equid Specialist Group. 1992: 17–21.
[4]
Reading, R. P., H. M. Mix, B. Lhagvasuren, C. Feh, D. P. Kane, S. Dulamtseren, and S. Enkhbold. Status and distribution of khulan (Equus hemionus) in Mongolia. Journal of Zoology, London. 2001, 254: 381–389.
[5]
Mongolian Ministry of Nature and Environment. Status and distribution of the khulan in Mongolia in 2003. Mongolian Ministry of Nature and Environment, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. 2003.
[6]
Buckland, S.T., D.R. Anderson, K.P. Burnham, J.L. Laake, D.L. Borchers and L. Thomas. Introduction to Distance Sampling. Oxford UK and New York USA: Oxford University Press. 2001: 432.
[7]
Kaczensky P. and C. Walzer. Przewalski horses, wolves and khulans in Mongolia. Bi-annual progress reports. 2002a, 2002b, 2003a, 2003b [2022-07-19]. （原始內容存檔於2012-12-01）. 請檢查|date=中的日期值 (幫助)
[8]
CMS 2002. Convention on Migratory Species. Appendix II. 互聯網檔案館的存檔，存檔日期2006-05-13.
[9]
United Nations Disaster Management Team (UNDMT): National Civil Defence and State Emergency Commission Ulaanbaatar. DZUD 2000-Mongolia: An evolving ecological, social and economic disaster: A rapid needs assessment report. United Nations Disaster Management Team (UNDMT): National Civil Defence and State Emergency Commission Ulaanbaatar. 2000.
[10]
Fernandez-Gimenez, M. E. Sustaining the Steppes: A Geographical History of Pastoral Land Use in Mongolia. Geographical Revue. 1999, 89 (3): 315–342.
[11]
Bedunah, D. J. and S. M. Schmidt. Pastoralism and protected area management in Mongolia's Gobi Gurvansaikhan National Park. Development and Change. 2004, 35 (1): 167–191.
[12]
Mearns, R., D. Shombodon, G. Narangerel, U. Tuul, A. Enkhamgalan, B. Myagmarzhav, A. Bayanjargal, and B. Bekhsuren. Natural resource mapping and seasonal variations and stresses in Mongolia. RRA Notes. 1994, 20: 95–105.

[iucn-1] [1]
Kaczensky, P., Lkhagvasuren, B., Pereladova, O., Hemami, M. & Bouskila, A. Equus hemionus ssp. hemionus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015. [2018年7月19日].

[oakenfull2000-2] [2]
Oakenfull EA, Lim HN and Ryder AO. A survey of equid mitochondrial DNA: Implications for the evolution, genetic diversity and conservation of Equus. Cons Genet. 2000, 1: 341–355.

[3] [3]
Clark, B. and Duncan, P. Asian Wild Asses - Hemiones and Kiangs (E. hemionus Pallas and E. kiang Moorcroft). P. Duncan (ed.) (編). Zebras, Asses, and Horses. An Action Plan for the Conservation of Wild Equids. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland: IUCN/SSC Equid Specialist Group. 1992: 17–21.

[4] [4]
Reading, R. P., H. M. Mix, B. Lhagvasuren, C. Feh, D. P. Kane, S. Dulamtseren, and S. Enkhbold. Status and distribution of khulan (Equus hemionus) in Mongolia. Journal of Zoology, London. 2001, 254: 381–389.

[5] [5]
Mongolian Ministry of Nature and Environment. Status and distribution of the khulan in Mongolia in 2003. Mongolian Ministry of Nature and Environment, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. 2003.

[6] [6]
Buckland, S.T., D.R. Anderson, K.P. Burnham, J.L. Laake, D.L. Borchers and L. Thomas. Introduction to Distance Sampling. Oxford UK and New York USA: Oxford University Press. 2001: 432.

[7] [7]
Kaczensky P. and C. Walzer. Przewalski horses, wolves and khulans in Mongolia. Bi-annual progress reports. 2002a, 2002b, 2003a, 2003b [2022-07-19]. （原始內容存檔於2012-12-01）. 請檢查|date=中的日期值 (幫助)

[8] [8]
CMS 2002. Convention on Migratory Species. Appendix II. 互聯網檔案館的存檔，存檔日期2006-05-13.

[9] [9]
United Nations Disaster Management Team (UNDMT): National Civil Defence and State Emergency Commission Ulaanbaatar. DZUD 2000-Mongolia: An evolving ecological, social and economic disaster: A rapid needs assessment report. United Nations Disaster Management Team (UNDMT): National Civil Defence and State Emergency Commission Ulaanbaatar. 2000.

[10] [10]
Fernandez-Gimenez, M. E. Sustaining the Steppes: A Geographical History of Pastoral Land Use in Mongolia. Geographical Revue. 1999, 89 (3): 315–342.

[11] [11]
Bedunah, D. J. and S. M. Schmidt. Pastoralism and protected area management in Mongolia's Gobi Gurvansaikhan National Park. Development and Change. 2004, 35 (1): 167–191.

[12] [12]
Mearns, R., D. Shombodon, G. Narangerel, U. Tuul, A. Enkhamgalan, B. Myagmarzhav, A. Bayanjargal, and B. Bekhsuren. Natural resource mapping and seasonal variations and stresses in Mongolia. RRA Notes. 1994, 20: 95–105.

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