緬甸語 ,簡稱緬語(緬甸語:မြန်မာဘာသာ,緬甸語委轉寫:Mranma bhasa,發音:[mjəmà bàθà])屬漢藏語系藏緬語族,以仰光音為標準。它是緬甸聯邦的官方語言,在該國有大約3200萬人使用,而且在孟加拉國、馬來西亞、泰國、美國也有少量分佈。
Quick Facts 緬甸語, 區域 ...
緬甸語 | |
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မြန်မာဘာသာ myanma bhatha | |
區域 | ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() |
母語使用人數 | 3320萬 (2007年)[1] 第二語言:1000萬(日期不詳)[2] |
語系 | |
文字 | 緬文 |
官方地位 | |
作為官方語言 | ![]() ![]() |
管理機構 | 緬甸語委員會(緬甸語:မြန်မာစာအဖွဲ့) |
語言代碼 | |
ISO 639-1 | my |
ISO 639-2 | bur (B) mya (T) |
ISO 639-3 | mya |
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入聲獨立算的話,緬甸語一共有四個聲調,分別是高平、高降、低平、高降喉塞。
緬甸文字的特徵是它呈圓形,這是因為古時候的緬甸文是書寫在棕櫚葉上的,必須設計圓弧形的筆劃才能避免劃破葉面。字符的構成是以輔音字母與元音拼合後形成音節符號。
歷史演變
![Thumb](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_origin_and_spread_of_the_Sino-Tibetan_language_family.png/640px-The_origin_and_spread_of_the_Sino-Tibetan_language_family.png)
緬甸文在某種程度上代表古緬甸語,因此可以用緬甸文的羅馬轉寫來推測古緬甸文的發音,從此也可以看出其與仰光話之間的巨大的區別。
緬甸文的拉丁字母轉寫方案(英語:Romanization of Burmese)主要有John Okell(英語:John Okell)制定的Okell拼音,緬甸語委會(英語:Myanmar Language Commission)制定的語委拼音等。
音系
古緬甸語有三個聲調,但其在12世紀的確切音值不清楚。仰光話按調值分保持了這三個聲調:
- 第一聲:低平調334(在開音節中,用短元音符號表示,在閉音節中,在基本輔音之下加一個點)
- 第二聲:高平調554(在音節後加雙空心點符號)
- 第三聲:高降調53(在開音節中,用長元音符號表示,在閉音節中,沒有特殊的符號)
古緬甸語的陽聲韻的韻尾在現代仰光話中一律合併爲一個鼻音-ɴ,仰光話拉丁轉寫用-n表示。古緬甸語的入聲韻的韻尾在現代仰光話中一律合併爲一個喉塞音-ʔ,仰光話拉丁轉寫用-t表示。
輔音
引用
- Mikael Parkvall, "Världens 100 största språk 2007" (The World's 100 Largest Languages in 2007), in Nationalencyklopedin
- Sagart et al. (2019),第10319–10320頁.
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- Bradley, David. Changes in Burmese Phonology and Orthography. SEALS Conference. Kasetsart University. May 2011 [19 October 2013]. (原始內容存檔於2021-04-14).
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- Chang, Charles Bond. “High-Interest Loans”: The Phonology of English Loanword Adaptation in Burmese (B.A.論文). Harvard University. 2003 [2011-05-24]. (原始內容存檔於2022-05-27).
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- Harvey, G. E. History of Burma: From the Earliest Times to 10 March 1824. London: Frank Cass & Co. Ltd. 1925.
- Herbert, Patricia M.; Milner, Anthony. South-East Asia Languages and Literatures: A Select Guide. University of Hawaii Press. 1989. ISBN 978-0-8248-1267-6.
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- Hnin Tun, San San. Burmese Phrasebook. Vicky Bowman. Lonely Planet. 2001. ISBN 978-1-74059-048-8.
- Houtman, Gustaaf. Traditions of Buddhist Practice in Burma. Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa. 1990.
- Jones, Robert. McCoy, John; Light, Timothy , 編. Pitch register languages. Contributions to Sino-Tibetan Studies (E. J. Brill). 1986.
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- Okell, John. Burmese By Ear or Essential Myanmar (PDF). London: The School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. 2002 [2016-10-17]. ISBN 978-1-86013-758-7. (原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2021-04-20).
- 存档副本. Myanmar–English Dictionary. Myanmar Language Commission. 1993 [2016-10-17]. ISBN 978-1-881265-47-4. (原始內容存檔於2021-05-02).
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參考資料
- Becker, Alton L. Biography of a sentence: A Burmese proverb. E. M. Bruner (ed.) (編). Text, play, and story: The construction and reconstruction of self and society. Washington, D.C.: American Ethnological Society. 1984: 135–55.
- Bernot, Denise. Le prédicat en birman parlé. Paris: SELAF. 1980. ISBN 2-85297-072-4 (法語).
- Cornyn, William Stewart. Outline of Burmese grammar. Baltimore: Linguistic Society of America. 1944.
- Cornyn, William Stewart; D. Haigh Roop. Beginning Burmese. New Haven: Yale University Press. 1968.
- Cooper, Lisa; Beau Cooper; Sigrid Lew. A phonetic description of Burmese obstruents. 45th International Conference on Sino-Tibetan Languages and Linguistics. Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. 2012 [2016-10-17]. (原始內容存檔於2022-06-12).
- Green, Antony D. Word, foot, and syllable structure in Burmese. J. Watkins (ed.) (編). Studies in Burmese linguistics. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. 2005: 1–25. ISBN 0-85883-559-2.
- Okell, John. A reference grammar of colloquial Burmese. London: Oxford University Press. 1969. ISBN 0-7007-1136-8.
- Roop, D. Haigh. An introduction to the Burmese writing system. New Haven: Yale University Press. 1972. ISBN 0-300-01528-3.
- Taw Sein Ko. Elementary handbook of the Burmese language. Rangoon: American Baptist Mission Press. 1924.
- Watkins, Justin W. Illustrations of the IPA: Burmese. Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 2001, 31 (2): 291–95. doi:10.1017/S0025100301002122.
- Patricia M Herbert, Anthony Milner (編). South East Asia Languages and Literatures: Languages and Literatures: A Select Guide. University of Hawaii Press. 1989. ISBN 0-8248-1267-0.
- Waxman, Nathan; Aung, Soe Tun. The Naturalization of Indic Loan-Words into Burmese: Adoption and Lexical Transformation. Journal of Burma Studies. 2014, 18 (2): 259–290. doi:10.1353/jbs.2014.0016.
參見
外部連結
緬甸主題
語言主題
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維基百科提供如下語言版本:緬甸語維基百科
維基導遊上有關Burmese phrasebook的旅行指南
- Omniglot: Burmese Language (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館)
- Learn Burmese online (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館)
- Online Burmese lessons (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館)
- Burmese language resources (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館) from SOAS
- E-books for children with narration in Burmese. Unite for Literacy library. [2014-06-21]. (原始內容存檔於2021-05-03).
- Myanmar Unicode and NLP Research Center
- Myanmar 3 font and keyboard (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館)
- Burmese online dictionary (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館) (Unicode)
- Ayar Myanmar online dictionary (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館)
- Myanmar unicode character table (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館)
- Download KaNaungConverter_Window_Build200508.zip from the Kanaung project page and Unzip (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館) Ka Naung Converter Engine (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館)