摩哈赤戰役

摩哈赤戰役
	; 摩哈赤戰役畫像
日期	1526年8月29日
地點	摩哈赤平原
結果	奧斯曼帝國勝利，匈牙利國土一分為三
參戰方
奧斯曼帝國克里米亞汗國;	匈牙利王國; 克羅地亞王國; 波希米亞王國; 神聖羅馬帝國; 巴伐利亞; 教宗國; 波蘭王國
指揮官與領導者
蘇萊曼一世	拉約什二世 †; 柏爾·杜蒙尼 †; 佐波堯·捷爾吉 †
兵力
50,000-100,000人; 300門火砲	25,000–40,000人; 50門火砲
傷亡與損失
不詳但慘重，1,500-2,000新軍傷亡	14,000-20,000 -24,000死亡; 2,000名被處決的俘虜

摩哈赤戰役（匈牙利語：mohácsi csata 或 mohácsi vész、土耳其語：Mohaç Savaşı 或 Mohaç Meydan Savaşı）發生於1526年8月29日，是土耳其第一次入侵匈牙利的戰役。戰役雙方為拉約什二世率領的匈牙利王國軍隊及由蘇萊曼一世率領的鄂圖曼軍隊。

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準備工作

匈牙利已經長期對抗鄂圖曼帝國於南歐的擴張。匈牙利國王拉約什二世透過於1521年與奧地利的瑪麗聯姻令王國與哈布斯堡王朝關係更加密切，而鄂圖曼帝國也知道必需打破這個初期的聯盟；在拉約什二世拒絕維持和平的提議之後，鄂圖曼帝國決意出兵干預。在1526年6月，一支鄂圖曼遠征軍越過多瑙河攻擊匈牙利本土。

匈牙利軍隊被分成三個主要部分:川西凡尼亞軍團負責守衛喀爾巴阡山脈南部的關口，而軍隊主力由國王拉約什二世親自指揮，而其它較小規模的軍團則由克羅地亞伯爵克里斯托夫·法蘭高賓（英語：Christoph Frankopan）(Christopher Frankopan)指揮。由於王國地理位置的關係，土耳其軍隊直至在度過巴爾幹山脈的時候才確定最後的攻擊目標是王國首都。但在這時候川西凡尼亞軍團比土耳其軍隊離開布達（現布達佩斯市西部城區，當時匈牙利王國首都）更遠。之後有文獻指出因特蘭西瓦尼亞總督扎波堯伊·亞諾什的軍隊未能及時抵達，所以必須承擔部分失利的責任。

匈牙利軍隊所選擇的戰場是多瑙河下游一片廣闊但崎嶇的平原，包括一些沼澤地。鄂圖曼軍隊之前幾乎沒有遇上任何抵抗。當拉約什二世於布達等待開戰的時候，鄂圖曼軍隊已經圍攻數個城鎮並越過薩瓦河及德拉瓦河。拉約什二世集合了大約26,000名士兵，而當時鄂圖曼一方所集結兵力，保守估算是50,000人^[2]^[3]，另據考究現代的史學家們則認為其兵力當時達到了100,000人^[10]^[11]^[12]^[13]^[14]^[15]^[16]。鄂圖曼一方在戰前徵召的巴爾幹軍團，據載大部分是波斯尼亞人或克羅地亞人^[17]。匈牙利軍隊列好陣勢，希望憑藉地理優勢獲得這場戰爭的勝利。

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戰鬥

真正的戰鬥只進行了兩小時。起初蘇萊曼一世的軍隊先鋒，魯米利亞軍團，行進到戰場之內，被由柏爾·杜蒙尼（英語：Pál Tomori）(Pál Tomori)所率領的匈牙利軍隊伏擊後重創，戰局並向匈牙利軍隊預計的情況發展，隨後匈牙利軍隊乘勝追擊直撲蘇丹的指揮部。有一段時間蘇萊曼一世自己非常危險，匈牙利軍隊的箭擊中了他的盔甲，最後由於新軍的槍炮火力網、大量的障礙物以及大量的徵招兵的自殺攻擊才成功穩住陣腳。但當奧斯曼軍隊主力於中午抵達後，戰局迅速逆轉由於未有及時增援，所以延誤戰機，匈牙利軍隊的進攻變成不能挽回的潰散。他們未能持續進攻，那些未有逃走的士兵被殺和俘虜。未能趕上首波攻勢的匈牙利國土傭僕部隊則拒絕投降，並在重創土耳其軍隊後全軍覆沒。據信拉約什二世是於黎明時分撤離戰場，但在跨越切萊流河（匈牙利語：Csele-patak）時跌下馬，被身披重甲拖累而溺亡。另外也有近千名匈牙利貴族及領戰者被殺，大致相信有超過14,000名匈牙利士兵在戰事開初陣亡^[7]^[8]。

戰後

戰後，蘇萊曼一世下令將戰俘全數滅口。兩日後他於他的日記中寫到:「蘇丹得到大臣及酋長們的效忠，屠殺2,000名戰俘，大雨如注。」^{[來源請求]}

這次勝利並未令鄂圖曼帝國得到想要的自身安全。戰爭意味着獨立的匈牙利王國滅亡，但鄂圖曼軍隊於九月撤退，匈牙利王國剩餘領土被拉約什二世的妻舅，哈布斯堡王朝的奧地利大公斐迪南奪取，並透過與上任匈牙利及波希米亞國王烏拉斯洛二世簽訂的條約繼承這片土地。奧地利控制匈牙利北部三分一土地和現今的克羅地亞北部，而鄂圖曼帝國則得到匈牙利西南部和半獨立的，由原總督扎波堯伊·亞諾什（他受到國內小貴族支持加冕為王，稱亞諾什一世）統治特蘭西瓦尼亞的宗主權，利用這些據點入侵東面仍然獨立的匈牙利貴族及西北面的奧地利領地，後來更導致1529年鄂圖曼軍隊圍攻維也納，是為維也納之圍。

這場戰役有時會與14世紀發生的尼科波利斯戰役和克雷西會戰比較，協同作戰能力相對較差的匈牙利軍隊普遍受到較大損失，但紀律性較強的鄂圖曼軍隊則較少損失。

對於在東歐得到這個穩當的基地，鄂圖曼軍隊強大的重騎兵、有效率的輕騎兵及火炮將能不斷對中歐進攻整整一個世紀。它們對匈牙利的影響，始於1529年鄂圖曼帝國支持扎波堯伊·亞諾什（擁有匈國東部的特蘭西瓦尼亞）對抗斐迪南（擁有匈國西部），直至1699年鄂圖曼帝國對奧地利簽訂卡爾洛夫奇條約，割讓匈牙利為止。

於摩哈赤的失敗對很多匈牙利人來說是決定性的，是匈牙利日趨沒落的歷史轉折點，並成為了匈牙利民族的一個創傷。對於這個日子，直至400年後的今日都仍然提醒匈牙利民族他們對於任何困境都仍然堅毅不屈。現時匈牙利人一旦遇上困境，他們都會說「在摩哈赤所失去的遠比現時的多」（匈牙利語：Több is veszett Mohácsnál），藉此勉勵自己面對困難。

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參考書目

Lord Kinross, The Ottoman Centuries: The Rise and Fall of the Turkish Empire (1977) ISBN 0-688-08093-6

參考資料

[1]
Ágoston, Gábor. Mohács, Battle of. Ágoston, Gábor; Bruce Masters (編). Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire. New York: Facts on File. 2009: 388–389.
[2]
Stavrianos, Balkans Since 1453, p. 26 "The latter group prevailed, and on 29 August 1526 the fateful battle of Mohacs was fought: 25,000 to 30,000 Hungarians and assorted allies on the one side, and on the other 45,000 Turkish regulars supported by 10,000 lightly armed irregulars."
[3]
Nicolle, David, Hungary and the fall of Eastern Europe, 1000–1568, p. 13 "Hungary mustered some 25,000 men and 85 bore cannons (only 53 being used in actual battle), while for various reasons the troops from Transylvania and Croatia failed to arrive.
[4]
Feridun Emecen,Battle of Mohacs. [2022-02-09]. （原始內容存檔於2022-02-20）. (in Turkish)
[5]
Cathal J. Nolan, The Age of Wars of Religion, 1000–1650: An Encyclopedia of Global Warfare and Civilization, Vol. 2, (Greenwood Press, 2006), 602.
[6]
Battle of Mohacs | Summary. [2022-02-09]. （原始內容存檔於2015-05-03）.
[7]
Turner & Corvisier & Childs, A Dictionary of Military History and the Art of War, pp. 365–366 "In 1526, at the battle of Mohács, the Hungarian army was destroyed by the Turks. King Louis II died, along with 7 bishops, 28 barons and most of his army (4,000 cavalry and 10,000 infantry)."
[8]
Minahan, One Europe, many nations: a historical dictionary of European national groups, p. 311 "A peasant uprising, crushed in 1514, was followed by defeat by the Ottoman Turks at the battle of Mohacs in 1526. King Louis II and more than 20,000 of his men perished in battle, which marked the end of Hungarian power in Central Europe."
[9]
Feridun Emecen,Battle of Mohacs. [2022-02-09]. （原始內容存檔於2022-02-20）. "According to the rûznâme kept during the battle, the Hungarian dead who remained in the square were not left in the middle and were buried, while the bodies of 20,000 infantry and 4,000 cavalry were counted." (in Turkish)
[10]
Spencer Tucker Battles That Changed History: An Encyclopedia of World Conflict, p. 166 (published 2010)
[11]
Gábor Ágoston,Bruce Alan Masters: Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire, p. 583 (published: 2009
[12]
Christian P. Potholm: Winning at war: seven keys to military victory throughout history, p. 117 (published in 2009)
[13]
William J. Duiker, Jackson J. Spielvogel: World History, Volume: I p. 419, (published: 2006)
[14]
Stanley Lane-Poole: Turkey, p. 179 (published 2004)
[15]
Stephen Turnbull: The Ottoman Empire, 1326–1699, p. 46
[16]
Battle of Mohács article （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館） Encyclopædia Britannica
[17]
Fine, John V. A. When Ethnicity Did Not Matter in the Balkans: A Study of Identity in Pre-Nationalist Croatia, Dalmatia, and Slavonia in the Medieval and Early-Modern Periods. University of Michigan Press. 2010: 215. ISBN 978-0472025602.

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延伸閱讀

Stavrianos, L.S. Balkans Since 1453, C. Hurst & Co. Publishers, 2000.
Nicolle, David, Hungary and the fall of Eastern Europe, 1000–1568, Osprey Publishing, 1988.
Stephen Turnbull, The Ottoman Empire 1326–1699, Osprey Publishing, 2003.
Molnár, Miklós, A Concise History of Hungary, Cambridge University Press, 2001.
Minahan, James B. One Europe, many nations: a historical dictionary of European national groups, Greenwood Press, 2000.
Palffy, Geza. The Kingdom of Hungary and the Habsburg Monarchy in the Sixteenth Century (East European Monographs, distributed by Columbia University Press, 2010) 406 pages; Covers the period after the battle of Mohacs in 1526 when the Kingdom of Hungary was partitioned in three, with one segment going to the Habsburgs.
History Foundation, Improvement of Balkan History Textbooks Project Reports (2001) ISBN 975-7306-91-6

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[1] [1]
Ágoston, Gábor. Mohács, Battle of. Ágoston, Gábor; Bruce Masters (編). Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire. New York: Facts on File. 2009: 388–389.

[Stavrianos-2] [2]
Stavrianos, Balkans Since 1453, p. 26 "The latter group prevailed, and on 29 August 1526 the fateful battle of Mohacs was fought: 25,000 to 30,000 Hungarians and assorted allies on the one side, and on the other 45,000 Turkish regulars supported by 10,000 lightly armed irregulars."

[Nicolle-3] [3]
Nicolle, David, Hungary and the fall of Eastern Europe, 1000–1568, p. 13 "Hungary mustered some 25,000 men and 85 bore cannons (only 53 being used in actual battle), while for various reasons the troops from Transylvania and Croatia failed to arrive.

[4] [4]
Feridun Emecen,Battle of Mohacs. [2022-02-09]. （原始內容存檔於2022-02-20）. (in Turkish)

[5] [5]
Cathal J. Nolan, The Age of Wars of Religion, 1000–1650: An Encyclopedia of Global Warfare and Civilization, Vol. 2, (Greenwood Press, 2006), 602.

[6] [6]
Battle of Mohacs | Summary. [2022-02-09]. （原始內容存檔於2015-05-03）.

[Turner-7] [7]
Turner & Corvisier & Childs, A Dictionary of Military History and the Art of War, pp. 365–366 "In 1526, at the battle of Mohács, the Hungarian army was destroyed by the Turks. King Louis II died, along with 7 bishops, 28 barons and most of his army (4,000 cavalry and 10,000 infantry)."

[Minahan-8] [8]
Minahan, One Europe, many nations: a historical dictionary of European national groups, p. 311 "A peasant uprising, crushed in 1514, was followed by defeat by the Ottoman Turks at the battle of Mohacs in 1526. King Louis II and more than 20,000 of his men perished in battle, which marked the end of Hungarian power in Central Europe."

[9] [9]
Feridun Emecen,Battle of Mohacs. [2022-02-09]. （原始內容存檔於2022-02-20）. "According to the rûznâme kept during the battle, the Hungarian dead who remained in the square were not left in the middle and were buried, while the bodies of 20,000 infantry and 4,000 cavalry were counted." (in Turkish)

[Battles_That_Changed_History_2010-10] [10]
Spencer Tucker Battles That Changed History: An Encyclopedia of World Conflict, p. 166 (published 2010)

[ReferenceA-11] [11]
Gábor Ágoston,Bruce Alan Masters: Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire, p. 583 (published: 2009

[Christian_P._Potholm_page_117-12] [12]
Christian P. Potholm: Winning at war: seven keys to military victory throughout history, p. 117 (published in 2009)

[Duiker-13] [13]
William J. Duiker, Jackson J. Spielvogel: World History, Volume: I p. 419, (published: 2006)

[Stanley_Lane-Poole_2004-14] [14]
Stanley Lane-Poole: Turkey, p. 179 (published 2004)

[Stephen_Turnbull_1699-15] [15]
Stephen Turnbull: The Ottoman Empire, 1326–1699, p. 46

[16] [16]
Battle of Mohács article （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館） Encyclopædia Britannica

[Fine2010-17] [17]
Fine, John V. A. When Ethnicity Did Not Matter in the Balkans: A Study of Identity in Pre-Nationalist Croatia, Dalmatia, and Slavonia in the Medieval and Early-Modern Periods. University of Michigan Press. 2010: 215. ISBN 978-0472025602.

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