第一次伊斯蘭內戰是穆斯林世界第一場大規模內戰。第一次伊斯蘭內戰導致阿里·本·阿比·塔利卜被推翻、正統哈里發時期的終結和奧瑪亞哈里發國的建立。
Quick Facts 第一次伊斯蘭內戰, 日期 ...
Close
第二任哈里發歐麥爾·本·赫塔卜遇刺後,在他因傷去世之前,歐麥爾·本·赫塔卜組建舒拉,舒拉選舉奧斯曼·本·阿凡擔任下一任哈里發。奧斯曼·本·阿凡上任後被指控任人唯親裙,並於656年被殺。之後阿里·本·阿比·塔利卜擔任哈里發。不過阿伊莎、泰勒海和伊本·祖拜爾·阿瓦姆卻想推翻阿里·本·阿比·塔利卜的統治。 656年12月,雙方爆發駱駝之戰,阿里·本·阿比·塔利卜獲勝。隨後敘利亞總督穆阿維葉一世向阿里·本·阿比·塔利卜宣戰。657年7月,雙方又爆發隋芬之戰,雙方相持不下,最終通過仲裁結束戰爭。
不過哈瓦利吉派並不滿意戰爭的仲裁結果,他們宣佈阿里·本·阿比·塔利卜、穆阿維葉一世及其追隨者都是異教徒。之後阿里·本·阿比·塔利卜派兵鎮壓哈瓦利吉派。不久之後,穆阿維葉也在阿姆魯·本·阿斯的幫助下奪取了埃及的控制權。
661年,阿里·本·阿比·塔利卜被哈瓦利吉派信徒阿卜杜勒拉赫曼·伊本·穆爾賈姆刺殺。阿里·本·阿比·塔利卜死後,他的繼承人哈桑·本·阿里擔任哈里發,不久穆阿維葉一世就試圖推翻哈桑·本·阿里的統治。最終哈桑·本·阿里和穆阿維葉一世簽署哈山—穆阿維亞條約,哈桑·本·阿里承認穆阿維葉的統治,穆阿維葉隨後建立了奧瑪亞哈里發國。
- Bowering, Gerhard; Crone, Patricia; Kadi, Wadad; Mirza, Mahan; Stewart, Devin J.; Zaman, Muhammad Qasim (編). Ali b. Abi Talib (ca. 599–661). The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought. Princeton University Press. 2013. ISBN 978-0691134840.
- Donner, Fred M. Muhammad and the Believers, at the Origins of Islam. 哈佛大學出版社. 2010 [2024-03-02]. ISBN 978-0-674-05097-6. (原始內容存檔於2023-10-10).
- Gibbon, Edward. The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. New York: Fred de Fau and Co. Publishers. 1906.
- Glassé, Cyril (編). The New Encyclopedia of Islam. Revised Edition of the Concise Encyclopedia of Islam. AltaMira Press. 2003. ISBN 978-0-7591-0190-6.
- Gleave, Robert M. Ali ibn Abi Talib. Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three. Brill Online. 2008 [29 March 2013]. (原始內容存檔於2 April 2013).
- Holt, P. M.; Bernard Lewis. Cambridge History of Islam, Vol. 1. Cambridge University Press. 1977. ISBN 0-521-29136-4.
- Lapidus, Ira. A History of Islamic Societies 2nd. Cambridge University Press. 2002. ISBN 978-0-521-77933-3.
- Levi Della Vida, G. Khāridjites. van Donzel, E.; Lewis, B.; Pellat, Ch.; Bosworth, C. E. (編). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, New Edition, Volume IV: Iran–Kha. Leiden: E. J. Brill: 1074–1077. 1978. OCLC 758278456.
- Kennedy, Hugh. The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates: The Islamic Near East from the 6th to the 11th Century 3rd. Oxford and New York: Routledge. 2016. ISBN 978-1-138-78761-2.
- Lecker, M. Ṣiffīn. Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (編). Encyclopaedia of Islam 2nd. 2012. ISBN 978-9004161214. doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_7018.
- Lecker, M. Siffin. Encyclopaedia of Islam 2nd. Brill Reference Online. 2021 [2024-03-02]. (原始內容存檔於2023-07-15).
- Lewis, Bernard. Arabs in History. Oxford: 牛津大學出版社. 2002. ISBN 978-0191647161.
- Madelung, Wilferd. The Succession to Muhammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate. Cambridge University Press. 1997. ISBN 0-521-64696-0.
- Mavani, Hamid. Religious Authority and Political Thought in Twelver Shi'ism: From Ali to Post-Khomeini. Routledge. 2013. ISBN 978-0415624404.
- Tabatabai, Muhammad Husayn. Shi'ite Islam. 由Nasr, Hossein翻譯. State University of New York Press. 1977: 52, 53. ISBN 978-0873952729.
- Wellhausen, Julius. Die religiös-politischen Oppositionsparteien im alten Islam. Berlin: Weidmannsche Buchhandlung. 1901. OCLC 453206240 (德語).
- Wellhausen, Julius. The Arab Kingdom and its Fall. 由Margaret Graham Weir翻譯. Calcutta: University of Calcutta. 1927. OCLC 752790641.
- Abbas, Hassan. The Prophet's Heir: The Life of Ali ibn Abi Talib. Yale University Press. 2021. ISBN 978-0300252057.
- Hazleton, Lesley. After the Prophet: The Epic Story of the Shia-Sunni Split in Islam. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. 2009. ISBN 978-0385532099.
- Rogerson, Barnaby. The Heirs of the Prophet Muhammad: And the Roots of the Sunni-Shia Schism. Abacus. 2006. ISBN 978-0349117577.
- Bowering, Gerhard (編). Ali b. Abi Talib. The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought. Princeton University Press. 2013. ISBN 978-0691134840.
- Jafri, S.H.M. Origins and Early Development of Shia Islam. London: Longman. 1979.
- Glassé, Cyril. The new encyclopedia of Islam. AltaMira Press. 2001. ISBN 978-0759101890.
- Aslan, Reza. No god but God: The origins, evolution, and future of Islam. Random House. 2011. ISBN 978-0812982442.
- Momen, Moojan. An introduction to Shi'i Islam. Yale University Press. 1985. ISBN 978-0853982005.
- Avi-Yonah, Michael. History of Israel and the Holy Land. A&C Black. 2001. ISBN 978-0826415264.
- Nasr, Seyyed Hossein; Afsaruddin, Asma. Ali. Encyclopedia Britannica. 2021 [2024-03-02]. (原始內容存檔於2015-05-03).
- Poonawala, I.K. Ali b. Abi Taleb I. Life. Encyclopaedia Iranica Online. 1982 [2024-03-02]. (原始內容存檔於2011-04-29).
- Veccia Vaglieri, L. Ali b. Abi Talib. Encyclopaedia of Islam 2nd. Brill Reference Online. 2021 [2024-03-02]. (原始內容存檔於2023-08-20).
- Gleave, Robert M. Ali b. Abi Talib. Encyclopaedia of Islam 3rd. Brill Reference Online. 2021 [2024-03-02]. (原始內容存檔於2023-04-03).
- Veccia Vaglieri, L. Al-Djamal. Encyclopaedia of Islam 2nd. Brill Reference Online. 2021b [2024-03-02]. (原始內容存檔於2024-01-07).
- Bodley, R.V.C. The Messenger; the Life of Mohammed. Doubleday & Company, Inc. 1946.
- Morony, M. Al-Nahrawan. Encyclopaedia of Islam 2nd. Brill Reference Online. 2021.
- Veccia Vaglieri, L. Al-Ashari, Abu Musa. Encyclopaedia of Islam 2nd. Brill Reference Online. 2021c [2024-03-02]. (原始內容存檔於2024-01-07).
- Hinds, M. Muawiya I. Encyclopaedia of Islam 2nd. Brill Reference Online. 2021 [2024-03-02]. (原始內容存檔於2023-02-25).