神智學(英語:Theosophy),又稱證道學,是一種涉及宗教哲學和神秘主義的新興宗教,混合了一些西方哲學思想如新柏拉圖主義和東方的印度教、佛教元素。神智學認為,史上所有宗教都是由久已失傳的「神秘信條」演化出來的。神智學的創始人物有海倫娜·布拉瓦茨基,亨利·斯太爾·奧爾科特,以及威廉·關·賈奇。他們於1875年在紐約市創立了神智學協會。
神智學原文為「Theosophy」,這一詞來自希臘語「theos」(神)與「sophia」(智慧)的結合,意為「神的智慧」。
海倫娜·布拉瓦茨基堅稱它並不是宗教,但她也說過神智學是「曾經普世的宗教」的現代形態。「不是宗教」這一點體現在它對其他信仰以及哲學、科學的包容性上,它並不禁止信徒信仰其他的學說。
但宗教學家認為它就一種宗教,它傳播的是一種宗教式的世界觀,使用的也是很明顯的宗教術語,依賴的是信仰而非事實。奧拉夫·哈默(Olav Hammer)和米高·羅特施泰因(Mikael Rothstein)認為它是現代最重要的宗教傳統之一,喬斯林·戈德溫(Joscelyn Godwin)說它是一個具有包容性的宗教運動,J·傑弗里·富蘭克林(J. Jeffrey Franklin)認為它是一個「雜交的宗教」(hybrid religion)。總而言之,它必定屬於新興宗教。
其源頭是西方秘契主義,它對西方秘契主義在20世紀的復興奠定了基石。雖然它混合了不少印度宗教元素,但社會學家克里斯托弗·帕特里奇仍然認為它本質上仍是西方的,它所表達的東方只是西方人眼中的東方。
神智學會說並不存在官方的信條,只有一些所有成員都同意的「原則」,存在懷疑着神智學但同意其基本的普世理念的教友。
神智學基本是從布拉瓦茨基的作品中誕生的,由後來的神智學家改進。雖然布拉瓦茨基本人不認為神智學是她自己的發明,而是一些神秘的精神體(即所謂的「大師」)傳授給她的。
「庫特忽米」(左)和「莫里亞」(右)是布拉瓦茨基宣稱曾接觸過的兩名大師,赫爾曼·施米興繪
神智學的核心是一類名叫「大師」(Masters)的精神體,它們被視為神智學理論的源頭,也可以被稱為Mahatmas、 Adepts、 Masters of Wisdom、 Masters of Compassion、Elder Brothers。它們本來是人類,但由於道德、智力的完美而升為「大師」。經過多年的鍛煉,它們有遠超人類的壽命,擁有超自然的力量,比如千里眼和靈魂投射。布拉瓦茨基說它們主要生活在喜馬拉雅的「西藏王國」。
它們擁有古代世界的知識,組成了「大白兄弟會」(Great White Brotherhood),觀察、指導人類。神智學者宣稱亞伯拉罕、摩西等聖經人物和喬達摩·悉達多、孔子、老子等東方古人以及雅各·波墨、亞歷山德羅·卡格里奧斯特羅、弗朗茲·麥斯邁等現代人物都是「大師」。但最重要是布拉瓦茨基宣稱曾接觸過的「庫特忽米」和「莫里亞」。在傳授知識之前,被選中者要經歷一個考核期,需要禁慾多年。
神智學並不禁止偶像崇拜,布拉瓦茨基甚至鼓勵信徒製作大師的肖像,有很多「大師」肖像是德國畫家赫爾曼·施米興繪製的,這些肖像得到了神智學者的認可和崇拜。
這種「大師」學說其實不是神智學首創,玫瑰十字會就有類似的理念。
神智學的世界觀屬於流溢說,認為人類眼中的世界只是幻覺,即摩耶。
布拉瓦茨基認為每個行星系都有一個太陽神(Solar Deity,或Logos)主宰,其下又有七個行星神。每個行星上的進化速度不同,基本順序礦石-植物-動物-人類-超自然生物。其中人類又有七個「根種族」(Root Race),每個根種族又能劃分出七個「亞種族」(Sub-Race)。
她認為現在人類已經進化到第五種族,即取代了第四種族亞特蘭蒂斯人的雅利安人。而隨着先知彌勒佛的到來,他們也將被第六種族取代。而當人類進化到第七種族時,就會離開地球。
神智學會並沒有給出任何可供實踐的宗教儀式,但不同的神智學團體可能會有自己的儀式,如自由天主教會和聯合神智學舍(United Lodge of Theosophy)。
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