大水薙鳥

大水薙鳥
保護狀況
	; 無危（IUCN 3.1）
科學分類
界：	動物界 Animalia
門：	脊索動物門 Chordata
綱：	鳥綱 Aves
目：	鸌形目 Procellariiformes
科：	鸌科 Procellariidae
屬：	麗鸌屬 Calonectris
種：	大水薙鳥 C. leucomelas
二名法
	Calonectris leucomelas; Temminck, 1835

大水薙鳥（學名：Calonectris leucomelas）為鸌形目鸌科麗鸌屬的鳥類，又名大水薙鳥、大灰鸌。該物種的模式產地在日本海。^[1]

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成鳥平均長度為48 cm（19英寸），翼展為122 cm（48英寸）。

描述

大水薙鳥屬於遠洋環境海鳥，主要以魚類和魷魚為食。它會跟隨漁船，被日本附近的鯷魚群吸引，已知會作為網中的副漁獲被捕獲或在長線漁具上吞食餌料時淹死。

大水薙鳥在地洞中築巢。它偏好有樹林的丘陵地區。

這種鳥類數量豐富且分佈廣泛；然而，一些死亡是因被漁網纏住以及被貓和老鼠捕食。此外，它也被一些地方傳統文化所捕獵。

在澳大利亞黃金海岸外

分佈

這種鳥類是遠洋環境的，但也在近岸水域出現。分佈於日本、菲律賓、印度尼西亞以及澳大利亞北部的海域中以及中國各海區等地，多見於海濱一帶以及繁殖於海邊岩穴中。在日本和朝鮮半島築巢，主要在離岸島嶼。^[2]^[3]^[4]^{[note 1]}^{[note 2]} 繁殖後，大水薙鳥向南遷徙，在新幾內亞北部、阿拉弗拉海和南中國海的海域覓食。^[2] 大水薙鳥也有在美國西海岸遠處，^[5]跟印度南部海岸，^[6]以及來自新西蘭被發現的報告。^[7]還有在懷俄明州收集到的一個標本記錄。^[8]

備註

[N 1]
See figure 1 in Hart 2015，第56頁 for a Korean distribution map.
[N 2]
South Korean breeding sites include Sasu Island (사수도) and Chilbal Island (칠발도) where they are threatened by rat depredation. Lee, Kyung-gyu; Yoo, Jeong-chil. Breeding Population of Streaked Shearwaters (Calonectris leucomelas) and the Effect of Norway Rat (Rattus norvegicus) Predation on Sasudo Island. Journal of the Yamashina Institute for Ornithology. 2002, 33 (2): 142–147. doi:10.3312/jyio1952.33.142 .; Nam, Ki-Baek; Lee, Kyung-Gyu; Hwang, Jae-Woong; Yoo, Jeong-Chil. Variation in Breeding Burrows of Streaked Shearwaters Breeding in Sasu Island, and Predation Rates by Norway Rats. Ocean and Polar Research. 2014, 36 (1): 49–57. doi:10.4217/OPR.2014.36.1.049 .

參考文獻

[1]
中國科學院動物研究所. 白额鹱. 《中國動物物種編目數據庫》. 中國科學院微生物研究所. [2009-04-04]. （原始內容存檔於2016-03-05）.
[2]
Yamamoto, Takashi; et al. At-sea distribution and behavior of streaked shearwaters (Calonectris leucomelas) during the nonbreeding period. Auk. 2010, 127 (4): 871–881. S2CID 85046196. doi:10.1525/auk.2010.10029 .
[3]
Sugawa, Hisashi; Karino, Kiyotaka; Ohshiro, Akio; Hirai, Masashi. Long-term trends in breeding site fidelity of streaked shearwater Calonectris leucomelas (PDF). Marine Ornithology. 2014, 42: 11–15. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於6 March 2017）.
[4]
Hart, Kirk A.; et al. Streaked Shearwaters Calonectris leucomelas of the Korean Peninsula: Distribution, status and potential threats. Forktail. 2015, 31: 55–63.
[5]
Herrick, Samuel F.; Hanan, Doyle A. A review of California entangling net fisheries, 1981-1986. NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS SWFC-108. Southwest Fisheries Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce. 1988.
[6]
Praveen, J. Pelagic offshore birding from Southern India 2013. Sea Swallow. 2014, 63: 46–48.
[7]
Robertson, Christopher John Rutherford; Bell, Ben D. Seabird status and conservation in the New Zealand region. Croxall, John Patrick; et al (編). Status and Conservation of the World's Seabirds. ICBP Technical Publication no. 2. Cambridge, England: International Council for Bird Preservation. 1984: 573–586. ISBN 978-0-946888-03-0.
[8]
Howell, Steve N.G.; Patteson, J. Brian; Shearwater, Debra (2012). Petrels, Albatrosses, and Storm-Petrels of North America: A Photographic Guide. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-14211-4.

這是一篇鸌形目小作品。您可以透過編輯或修訂擴充其內容。

[5] [N 1]
See figure 1 in Hart 2015，第56頁 for a Korean distribution map.

[6] [N 2]
South Korean breeding sites include Sasu Island (사수도) and Chilbal Island (칠발도) where they are threatened by rat depredation. Lee, Kyung-gyu; Yoo, Jeong-chil. Breeding Population of Streaked Shearwaters (Calonectris leucomelas) and the Effect of Norway Rat (Rattus norvegicus) Predation on Sasudo Island. Journal of the Yamashina Institute for Ornithology. 2002, 33 (2): 142–147. doi:10.3312/jyio1952.33.142 .; Nam, Ki-Baek; Lee, Kyung-Gyu; Hwang, Jae-Woong; Yoo, Jeong-Chil. Variation in Breeding Burrows of Streaked Shearwaters Breeding in Sasu Island, and Predation Rates by Norway Rats. Ocean and Polar Research. 2014, 36 (1): 49–57. doi:10.4217/OPR.2014.36.1.049 .

[id1316-1] [1]
中國科學院動物研究所. 白额鹱. 《中國動物物種編目數據庫》. 中國科學院微生物研究所. [2009-04-04]. （原始內容存檔於2016-03-05）.

[Yamamoto-2] [2]
Yamamoto, Takashi; et al. At-sea distribution and behavior of streaked shearwaters (Calonectris leucomelas) during the nonbreeding period. Auk. 2010, 127 (4): 871–881. S2CID 85046196. doi:10.1525/auk.2010.10029 .

[Sugawa-3] [3]
Sugawa, Hisashi; Karino, Kiyotaka; Ohshiro, Akio; Hirai, Masashi. Long-term trends in breeding site fidelity of streaked shearwater Calonectris leucomelas (PDF). Marine Ornithology. 2014, 42: 11–15. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於6 March 2017）.

[Hart-4] [4]
Hart, Kirk A.; et al. Streaked Shearwaters Calonectris leucomelas of the Korean Peninsula: Distribution, status and potential threats. Forktail. 2015, 31: 55–63.

[7] [5]
Herrick, Samuel F.; Hanan, Doyle A. A review of California entangling net fisheries, 1981-1986. NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS SWFC-108. Southwest Fisheries Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce. 1988.

[Indiacoast-8] [6]
Praveen, J. Pelagic offshore birding from Southern India 2013. Sea Swallow. 2014, 63: 46–48.

[9] [7]
Robertson, Christopher John Rutherford; Bell, Ben D. Seabird status and conservation in the New Zealand region. Croxall, John Patrick; et al (編). Status and Conservation of the World's Seabirds. ICBP Technical Publication no. 2. Cambridge, England: International Council for Bird Preservation. 1984: 573–586. ISBN 978-0-946888-03-0.

[10] [8]
Howell, Steve N.G.; Patteson, J. Brian; Shearwater, Debra (2012). Petrels, Albatrosses, and Storm-Petrels of North America: A Photographic Guide. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-14211-4.

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