瓦蟎敏感衛生（Varroa sensitive hygiene，VSH）是蜜蜂抗擊瓦蟎的一種行為機制。最初稱為抑制瓦蟎繁殖（ Suppressed mite reproduction，SMR）[1][2]。具有VSH行為的蜂群能夠檢測並清除更多感染蜂蟎的蜜蜂后代，從而有效降低瓦蟎種群數量，使蜂群免受其危害。[3]
VSH行為的特徵主要包括檢測、開蓋、清除感染蜂蟎的幼蟲及其身上寄生的蜂蟎[2]。
VSH行為的觸發受到多種因素的調控，包括瓦蟎身上的化學線索、感染密度、巢房周圍環境等。此外，蜂群的強弱、不同抗蟎行為之間的互作也會影響VSH行為的觸發。[2]
瓦蟎身上的化學線索以及感染蜂蟎幼蟲或蛹時釋放的化合物是觸發VSH行為的主要因素[4][5]。研究發現，特定化合物的混合物能夠有效地觸發VSH行為[6]，而具有VSH行為的蜜蜂對相關化學物質顯示出左右觸角不對稱的氣味反應[7]。
通過基因組測序等方法，研究人員發現多個基因在VSH行為中發揮重要作用[8]。這些基因的表達調控與蜜蜂對瓦蟎的抵抗力密切相關[2]。
抗性蜜蜂的培育是一項可持續的瓦蟎防治措施[9]。通過遺傳育種，可以培育出具有VSH特性的蜂群，從而增加蜜蜂對瓦蟎的抵抗力[10]。這種育種工作需要合適的測試性狀和育種計劃的有效協調，以及田間條件測試的遺傳力和實用性為出發點，結合當地實際情況進行綜合考慮[11]。
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