猴免疫缺陷病毒

猴免疫缺陷病毒
病毒分類
（未分級）：	病毒 Virus
域：	核糖病毒域 Riboviria
界：	副核糖病毒界 Pararnavirae
門：	逆轉錄酶病毒門 Artverviricota
綱：	逆轉錄酶病毒綱 Revtraviricetes
目：	逆轉錄病毒目 Ortervirales
科：	逆轉錄病毒科 Retroviridae
屬：	慢病毒屬 Lentivirus
種：	猴免疫缺陷病毒 Simian immunodeficiency virus

猴免疫缺陷病毒（英語：Simian immunodeficiency virus，簡稱SIV），也稱為非洲綠猴病毒（英語：African Green Monkey virus），是一種可影響至少33種非洲靈長目的逆轉錄病毒。^[1]^[2]在對比奧科島（於大約11,000年前因海平面上升而從大陸隔離出來的一座島嶼）的四種猴中所發現的病毒株進行分析後，科學家得出結論，稱SIV在猴和猿中至少已存在了32,000年，且實際存在時間可能比這長得多。^[3]^[4]

快速預覽 猴免疫缺陷病毒, 病毒分類 ...

關閉

這些靈長目動物中的兩個物種中存在的病毒株，即白頂白眉猴（英語：sooty mangabey）體內的SIVsmm和黑猩猩體內的SIVcpz，被認為已跨越了種間屏障而進入人體，並最終成為了HIV的兩個亞型，即HIV-2和HIV-1。HIV-1轉移到人體最可能的路徑之一是人類與黑猩猩（在非洲常作為「叢林肉」的來源而被捕獵）血液的接觸。^[3]

不同於HIV-1和HIV-2對人體的感染，SIV對其天然宿主的感染在很多情況下不具有致病性。對白頂白眉猴的廣泛研究已經證實，即使SIVsmm病毒感染了這種動物且循環病毒量很高，也不會使它們染上任何疾病。然而，如果該病毒感染了亞洲或印度普通獼猴，則將會在感染後期發展成猴愛滋病（SAIDS）。^[5]最近的一項研究顯示，若野生黑猩猩感染了SIVcpz病毒，則也會像被HIV-1所感染的人一樣，患上一種類似於愛滋病的疾病。

Remove ads

飼養的猴類的類似於人愛滋病的免疫缺陷病在1983年起就已被美國報道。^[6]^[7]^[8]研究人員最初於1985年將SIV從這些患有猴愛滋病的其中一些飼養普通獼猴體內分離出來。^[7]SIV是在HIV-1被確認為愛滋病的病原體後不久發現的，它的發現還引出後來西非HIV-2株的發現。HIV-2更類似於當時發現的SIV株而不是HIV-1，首次給了研究人員HIV可能來自於猿猴的暗示。進一步的研究則指示了HIV-2是派生自於白頂白眉猴體內發現的SIVsmm株，而HIV-1這種在人體內發現的佔優勢的病毒，則派生自感染黑猩猩的SIV株（SIVcpz）。

SIV和有關的逆轉錄病毒在物種特異性方面的不同可能通過蛋白質TRIM5α（英語：TRIM5alpha）在人和非人靈長類物種中的不同變體得到部分解釋。這種細胞內蛋白識別不同逆轉錄病毒的衣殼且阻斷它們的繁殖。其它蛋白質如APOBEC3G/3F（英語：APOBEC3F）可能對限制跨物種傳輸也有重要作用。

科學家為了研究SIV與HIV，創造了一種結合了部分HIV和SIV基因組的病毒——SHIV。

美國阿拉巴馬大學伯明翰分校的Beatrice Hahn帶領的一個研究者團隊發現在野外黑猩猩確實會由於猴愛滋病而死，且愛滋病在非洲的爆發導致了黑猩猩種群數量的下降。在檢測野生黑猩猩後，研究者發現類似晚期人愛滋病患者的器官及組織損壞。受感染的黑猩猩有比未被感染的高10至16倍的死亡風險；被感染的雌性的生育力下降，還可能將病毒傳給它們的幼兒，這些幼兒死亡率也比未受感染的雌性幼兒高。^[9]^[10]

SIV的ICTVdB編碼是61.0.6.5.003。^[11]

在2010年，研究者報道SIV已感染了比奧科島的猴至少32,000年，而先前曾以為SIV對猴的感染只是在過去的幾百年之中發生的。^[12]科學家估計，人可能需要一段與非洲猴適應SIV而不受任何感染之傷害的過程所經歷的相似長度的時間，才能以其方式天然適應HIV感染。^[13]

在2012年，研究者報道了獼猴受到的具有中和抗性（Neutralization-resistant）的SIV株^{[註 1]}的初始感染可以通過使用一種專一包括Env蛋白抗原的抗SIV_SME543疫苗而部分預防。^[14]

Remove ads

[註 1]
「中和抗性」指的是由於代償性突變而不能被天然的免疫應答所中和的病毒株。

[1]
Peeters, M.; Courgnaud, V.; Abela, B. Genetic Diversity of Lentiviruses in Non-Human Primates (PDF). AIDS Reviews. 2001, 3: 3–10 [2010-09-19].^{[永久失效連結]}
[2]
Peeters, M.; Courgnaud, V. Overview of Primate Lentiviruses and their Evolution in Non-human Primates in Africa (PDF). C. Kuiken, B. Foley, E. Freed, B. Hahn, B. Korber, P. A. Marx, F. E. McCutchan, J. W. Mellors, and S. Wolinsky (編). Overview of Primate Lentiviruses and their Evolution in Non-human Primates in Africa. HIV sequence compendium. Los Alamos, NM: Theoretical Biology and Biophysics Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory. 2002: 2–23 [2010-09-19]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2019-12-01）.
[3]
Donald G. McNeil, Jr. Precursor to H.I.V. Was in Monkeys for Millennia. New York Times. September 16, 2010 [2010-09-17]. （原始內容存檔於2011-05-11）. In a discovery that sheds new light on the history of AIDS, scientists have found evidence that the ancestor to the virus that causes the disease has been in monkeys and apes for at least 32,000 years—not just a few hundred years, as had been previously thought. ... That means humans have presumably been exposed many times to S.I.V., the simian immunodeficiency virus, because people have been hunting monkeys for millenniums, risking infection every time they butcher one for food.
[4]
Worobey, Michael; Telfer, Paul; Souquière, Sandrine; Hunter, Meredith; Coleman, Clint A.; Metzger, Michael J.; Reed, Patricia; Makuwa, Maria; Hearn, Gail. Island Biogeography Reveals the Deep History of SIV. Science. 2010, 329 (5998): 1487. PMID 20847261. doi:10.1126/science.1193550..
[5]
H. Kestler, T. Kodama, D. Ringler, M. Marthas, N. Pedersen, A. Lackner, D. Regier, P. Sehgal, M. Daniel, N. King. Induction of AIDS in rhesus monkeys by molecularly cloned simian immunodeficiency virus. Science (New York, N.Y.). 1990-06-01, 248 (4959): 1109–1112 [2019-05-25]. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 2160735. （原始內容存檔於2019-08-27）.
[6]
N. L. Letvin, K. A. Eaton, W. R. Aldrich, P. K. Sehgal, B. J. Blake, S. F. Schlossman, N. W. King, R. D. Hunt. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in a colony of macaque monkeys. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 1983-05, 80 (9): 2718–2722 [2019-05-25]. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 393899 . PMID 6221343. doi:10.1073/pnas.80.9.2718. （原始內容存檔於2019-08-24）.
[7]
M. D. Daniel, N. L. Letvin, N. W. King, M. Kannagi, P. K. Sehgal, R. D. Hunt, P. J. Kanki, M. Essex, R. C. Desrosiers. Isolation of T-cell tropic HTLV-III-like retrovirus from macaques. Science (New York, N.Y.). 1985-06-07, 228 (4704): 1201–1204 [2019-05-25]. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 3159089. （原始內容存檔於2019-08-23）.
[8]
N. W. King, R. D. Hunt, N. L. Letvin. Histopathologic changes in macaques with an acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). The American Journal of Pathology. 1983-12, 113 (3): 382–388 [2019-05-25]. ISSN 0002-9440. PMC 1916356 . PMID 6316791. （原始內容存檔於2019-08-27）.
[9]
Chimpanzees Do Die From Simian AIDS, Study Finds by Lawrence K. Altman （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館） Chimpanzees Do Die from Simian AIDS, Study Finds
[10]
Jonathan L. Heeney; Angus G. Dalgleish; Robin A. Weiss. Origins of HIV and the evolution of resistance to AIDS (PDF). Science. 2006-07, 313 (5786): 462–466. PMID 16873637. doi:10.1126/science.1123016.
[11]
ICTV database entry: 61.0.6.5.003. [2012-06-10]. （原始內容存檔於2006-04-14）.
[12]
McNeil Jr, Donald. Precursor to H.I.V. Was in Monkeys for Millenniums. The New York Times. 17 September 2010 [17 September 2010]. （原始內容存檔於2012-06-20）.
[13]
HIV precursor in monkeys ancient: study. CBC News. 17 September 2010 [17 September 2010]. （原始內容存檔於2010-09-20）.
[14]
Barouch, Dan H.; et al, Vaccine protection against acquisition of neutralization-resistant SIV challenges in rhesus monkeys, Nature, 4 Jan 2012, advance online publication [6 Jan 2012], doi:10.1038/nature10766. Lay summary available from Bloomberg at "J&J AIDS Vaccine Protects Monkeys in Study as Testing in Humans Begins （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）", published 4 Jan 2012.

Remove ads

[14] [註 1]
「中和抗性」指的是由於代償性突變而不能被天然的免疫應答所中和的病毒株。

[Peeters_2001-1] [1]
Peeters, M.; Courgnaud, V.; Abela, B. Genetic Diversity of Lentiviruses in Non-Human Primates (PDF). AIDS Reviews. 2001, 3: 3–10 [2010-09-19].^{[永久失效連結]}

[Peeters-2] [2]
Peeters, M.; Courgnaud, V. Overview of Primate Lentiviruses and their Evolution in Non-human Primates in Africa (PDF). C. Kuiken, B. Foley, E. Freed, B. Hahn, B. Korber, P. A. Marx, F. E. McCutchan, J. W. Mellors, and S. Wolinsky (編). Overview of Primate Lentiviruses and their Evolution in Non-human Primates in Africa. HIV sequence compendium. Los Alamos, NM: Theoretical Biology and Biophysics Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory. 2002: 2–23 [2010-09-19]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2019-12-01）.

[millennia-3] [3]
Donald G. McNeil, Jr. Precursor to H.I.V. Was in Monkeys for Millennia. New York Times. September 16, 2010 [2010-09-17]. （原始內容存檔於2011-05-11）. In a discovery that sheds new light on the history of AIDS, scientists have found evidence that the ancestor to the virus that causes the disease has been in monkeys and apes for at least 32,000 years—not just a few hundred years, as had been previously thought. ... That means humans have presumably been exposed many times to S.I.V., the simian immunodeficiency virus, because people have been hunting monkeys for millenniums, risking infection every time they butcher one for food.

[4] [4]
Worobey, Michael; Telfer, Paul; Souquière, Sandrine; Hunter, Meredith; Coleman, Clint A.; Metzger, Michael J.; Reed, Patricia; Makuwa, Maria; Hearn, Gail. Island Biogeography Reveals the Deep History of SIV. Science. 2010, 329 (5998): 1487. PMID 20847261. doi:10.1126/science.1193550..

[pmid2160735-5] [5]
H. Kestler, T. Kodama, D. Ringler, M. Marthas, N. Pedersen, A. Lackner, D. Regier, P. Sehgal, M. Daniel, N. King. Induction of AIDS in rhesus monkeys by molecularly cloned simian immunodeficiency virus. Science (New York, N.Y.). 1990-06-01, 248 (4959): 1109–1112 [2019-05-25]. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 2160735. （原始內容存檔於2019-08-27）.

[pmid6221343-6] [6]
N. L. Letvin, K. A. Eaton, W. R. Aldrich, P. K. Sehgal, B. J. Blake, S. F. Schlossman, N. W. King, R. D. Hunt. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in a colony of macaque monkeys. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 1983-05, 80 (9): 2718–2722 [2019-05-25]. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 393899 . PMID 6221343. doi:10.1073/pnas.80.9.2718. （原始內容存檔於2019-08-24）.

[pmid3159089-7] [7]
M. D. Daniel, N. L. Letvin, N. W. King, M. Kannagi, P. K. Sehgal, R. D. Hunt, P. J. Kanki, M. Essex, R. C. Desrosiers. Isolation of T-cell tropic HTLV-III-like retrovirus from macaques. Science (New York, N.Y.). 1985-06-07, 228 (4704): 1201–1204 [2019-05-25]. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 3159089. （原始內容存檔於2019-08-23）.

[pmid6316791-8] [8]
N. W. King, R. D. Hunt, N. L. Letvin. Histopathologic changes in macaques with an acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). The American Journal of Pathology. 1983-12, 113 (3): 382–388 [2019-05-25]. ISSN 0002-9440. PMC 1916356 . PMID 6316791. （原始內容存檔於2019-08-27）.

[9] [9]
Chimpanzees Do Die From Simian AIDS, Study Finds by Lawrence K. Altman （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館） Chimpanzees Do Die from Simian AIDS, Study Finds

[10] [10]
Jonathan L. Heeney; Angus G. Dalgleish; Robin A. Weiss. Origins of HIV and the evolution of resistance to AIDS (PDF). Science. 2006-07, 313 (5786): 462–466. PMID 16873637. doi:10.1126/science.1123016.

[11] [11]
ICTV database entry: 61.0.6.5.003. [2012-06-10]. （原始內容存檔於2006-04-14）.

[nyt20100917-12] [12]
McNeil Jr, Donald. Precursor to H.I.V. Was in Monkeys for Millenniums. The New York Times. 17 September 2010 [17 September 2010]. （原始內容存檔於2012-06-20）.

[cbc20100917-13] [13]
HIV precursor in monkeys ancient: study. CBC News. 17 September 2010 [17 September 2010]. （原始內容存檔於2010-09-20）.

[15] [14]
Barouch, Dan H.; et al, Vaccine protection against acquisition of neutralization-resistant SIV challenges in rhesus monkeys, Nature, 4 Jan 2012, advance online publication [6 Jan 2012], doi:10.1038/nature10766. Lay summary available from Bloomberg at "J&J AIDS Vaccine Protects Monkeys in Study as Testing in Humans Begins （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）", published 4 Jan 2012.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[註 1]

[14]

猴免疫缺陷病毒

Wikiwand in your browser!

猴免疫缺陷病毒

Wikiwand in your browser!

歷史

病毒嗜性

研究

註解

參考文獻