水磨

水磨（英語：watermill）是水力驅動的磨。這種結構使用水車或水輪機來驅動研磨、滾動或槌打等機械過程，可用來生產穀粉、木材、紙、布、金屬產品等。裝有水磨的工廠稱為水磨坊，這包括了麵粉廠、鋸木廠、造紙廠、紡織廠、錘磨廠（英語：hammermill）、跳錘（英語：trip hammer）廠、軋制廠、拉絲（英語：wire drawing）廠等。祖沖之曾經設計製造過利用水力舂米（英語：Rice pounder）、磨麵的水碓磨。

參見

水碓

伸延閱讀

Burns, Robert I., Paper comes to the West, 800−1400, Lindgren, Uta (編), Europäische Technik im Mittelalter. 800 bis 1400. Tradition und Innovation 4th, Berlin: Gebr. Mann Verlag: 413–422, 1996, ISBN 3-7861-1748-9
de Crespigny, Rafe, A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms (23-220 AD), Leiden: Koninklijke Brill, 2007, ISBN 978-90-04-15605-0
Donners, K.; Waelkens, M.; Deckers, J., Water Mills in the Area of Sagalassos: A Disappearing Ancient Technology, Anatolian Studies 52, 2002, 52: 1–17, JSTOR 3643076, S2CID 163811541, doi:10.2307/3643076
Gauldie, Enid (1981). The Scottish Miller 1700 - 1900. Pub. John Donald. ISBN 0-85976-067-7.
Gimpel, Jean, The Medieval Machine: The Industrial Revolution of the Middle Ages, London: Penguin (Non-Classics), 1977, ISBN 978-0-14-004514-7
Holt, Richard, The Mills of Medieval England, Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1988, ISBN 978-0-631-15692-5
Langdon, John, Mills in the Medieval Economy: England, 1300-1540, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004, ISBN 0-19-926558-5
Lewis, M. J., Millstone and Hammer: the origins of water power, University of Hull Press 1997. ISBN 0-85958-657-X.
McErlean, Thomas; Crothers, Norman, Harnessing the Tides: The Early Medieval Tide Mills at Nendrum Monastery, Strangford Lough, Belfast: Stationery Office Books, 2007, ISBN 978-0-337-08877-3
Munro, John H., Industrial energy from water-mills in the European economy, 5th to 18th Centuries: the limitations of power, Economia ed Energia, Seccoli XIII - XVIII, Atti delle 'Settimane di Studi' e Altrie Convegni, Istituto Internazionale di Storia Economica 34 (1) (F. Datini), 2003, 34 (1): 223–269
Murphy, Donald, Excavations of a Mill at Killoteran, Co. Waterford as Part of the N-25 Waterford By-Pass Project (PDF), Estuarine/ Alluvial Archaeology in Ireland. Towards Best Practice, University College Dublin and National Roads Authority, 2005, （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2007-11-18）
Needham, Joseph. (1986). Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology; Part 2, Mechanical Engineering. Taipei: Caves Books Ltd. ISBN 0-521-05803-1.
Oleson, John Peter, Greek and Roman Mechanical Water-Lifting Devices: The History of a Technology, University of Toronto Press, 1984, ISBN 90-277-1693-5
Oleson, John Peter, Water-Lifting, Wikander, Örjan (編), Handbook of Ancient Water Technology, Technology and Change in History 2, Leiden: Brill: 217–302, 2000, ISBN 90-04-11123-9
Pacey, Arnold, Technology in World Civilization: A Thousand-year History, The MIT Press; Reprint edition (July 1, 1991). ISBN 0-262-66072-5.
Reynolds, Terry S. Stronger Than a Hundred Men: A History of the Vertical Water Wheel. (Johns Hopkins University Press 1983). ISBN 0-8018-7248-0.
Ritti, Tullia; Grewe, Klaus; Kessener, Paul, A Relief of a Water-powered Stone Saw Mill on a Sarcophagus at Hierapolis and its Implications, Journal of Roman Archaeology 20, 2007, 20: 138–163
Rynne, Colin, Waterpower in Medieval Ireland, Squatriti, Paolo (編), Working with Water in Medieval Europe, Technology and Change in History 3, Leiden: Brill: 1–50, 2000, ISBN 90-04-10680-4
Spain, Rob: "A possible Roman Tide Mill" （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）, Paper submitted to the Kent Archaeological Society
Wikander, Örjan, Archaeological Evidence for Early Water-Mills. An Interim Report, History of Technology 10, 1985, 10: 151–179
Wikander, Örjan, The Water-Mill, Wikander, Örjan (編), Handbook of Ancient Water Technology, Technology and Change in History 2, Leiden: Brill: 371–400, 2000, ISBN 90-04-11123-9
Wilson, Andrew, Water-Power in North Africa and the Development of the Horizontal Water-Wheel, Journal of Roman Archaeology 8, 1995, 8: 499–510
Wilson, Andrew, Machines, Power and the Ancient Economy, The Journal of Roman Studies 92 (The Journal of Roman Studies, Vol. 92), 2002, 92: 1–32, JSTOR 3184857, S2CID 154629776, doi:10.2307/3184857

外部連結

Mill database with over 10000 European mills （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）
The International Molinological Society (TIMS) （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）
The Society for the Preservation of Old Mills (SPOOM) （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）
U.S. mill pictures and information （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）
Watermills in Norfolk, England （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）
Mills in Hampshire, England （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）
Windmills and watermills of the East Grinstead area 互聯網檔案館的存檔，存檔日期2016-12-27.