梭菌屬

梭菌屬（學名：Clostridium），菌體呈梭狀，又稱梭狀芽孢桿菌屬或厭氧芽孢桿菌屬，芽孢常比菌體大，是一類能產生內生孢子的厭氧性革蘭氏陽性菌。

梭菌屬
艱難梭菌
科學分類
域：	細菌域 Bacteria
門：	芽孢桿菌門 Bacillota
綱：	梭菌綱 Clostridia
目：	梭菌目 Clostridiales
科：	梭菌科 Clostridiaceae
屬：	梭菌屬 Clostridium Prazmowski, 1880
模式種
丁酸梭菌 Clostridium butyricum Prazmowski, 1880
種
見正文

梭菌屬廣泛分佈於自然界，以土壤中最多，芽孢圓形或橢圓形。除了產氣莢膜梭菌無鞭毛外，大多有鞭毛。大部份的梭菌屬可以水解糖、蛋白質，又可產生外毒素，成為一些疾病的原因。

該屬的模式種為丁酸梭菌（Clostridium butyricum）。

下屬物種

本屬包括以下物種：^[1]

• 不同梭菌 Clostridium absonum Nakamura et al., 1973，為Clostridium sardiniense Prévot 1938的異名
• 醋酸梭菌 Clostridium aceticum (ex Wieringa 1940) Gottschalk and Braun, 1981，丙酮丁醇桿菌，丙酮丁醇梭菌，醋酪酸梭狀芽孢桿菌，醋酪酸梭狀芽胞桿菌
• Clostridium acetireducens Örlygsson et al. 1996
• 丙酮丁醇梭桿菌 Clostridium acetobutylicum McCoy et al. 1926
• Clostridium acidisoli Kuhner et al. 2000
• Clostridium aciditolerans Lee et al. 2007
• 尿酸發酵梭狀芽胞桿菌 Clostridium acidurici (Liebert 1909) Barker 1938，尿酸梭菌，也拼作Clostridium acidiurici
• 腐氣梭狀芽胞桿菌 Clostridium aerofoetidum ，臭氣桿菌，臭氣梭菌
• 產氣梭菌 Clostridium aerogenes ，產氣梭狀芽孢桿菌
• 耐氧梭菌 Clostridium aerotolerans van Gylswyk and van der Toorn 1987，為Lacrimispora aerotolerans (van Gylswyk and van der Toorn 1987) Haas and Blanchard 2020的異名
• Clostridium aestuarii Kim et al. 2007
• Clostridium akagii Kuhner et al. 2000
• Clostridium aldenense Warren et al. 2007
• Clostridium aldrichii Yang et al. 1990
• Clostridium algidicarnis Lawson et al. 1995
• Clostridium algidixylanolyticum Broda et al. 2000
• Clostridium algifaecis Wu et al. 2014
• Clostridium algoriphilum Shcherbakova et al. 2010
• 鹼性纖維素梭菌 Clostridium alkalicellulosi Zhilina et al. 2006，異名：Clostridium alkalicellum Zhilina et al. 2006
• 亞馬遜梭菌 Clostridium amazonense O'Neal et al. 2015
• Clostridium aminophilum Paster et al. 1993
• Clostridium aminovalericum Hardman and Stadtman 1960
• Clostridium amygdalinum Parshina et al. 2003
• Clostridium amylolyticum Song and Dong 2008
• 黃水梭菌 Clostridium aquiflavi Sun et al. 2024^[2]
• Clostridium arbusti Jung et al. 2010
• Clostridium arcticum (ex Jordan and McNicol 1979) Cato et al. 1988
• 阿根廷梭菌 Clostridium argentinense Suen et al. 1988
• 產香梭狀芽孢桿菌 Clostridium aromativorans Luo et al. 2024^[3]，分離自五糧液元明古窖池窖泥
• Clostridium articum (ex Jordan and McNicol 1979) Cato et al. 1988
• Clostridium asparagiforme Mohan et al. 2007
• Clostridium aurantibutyricum Hellinger 1944
• 產乙醇梭菌 Clostridium autoethanogenum Abrini et al. 1994
• Clostridium barati (Prévot 1938) Holdeman and Moore 1970，異名：巴氏梭菌 Clostridium baratii (Prévot 1938) Holdeman and Moore 1970
• Clostridium barkeri Stadtman et al. 1972
• Clostridium bartlettii Song et al. 2004
• 北海梭菌 Clostridium beihaiense Dong et al. 2018
• 拜氏梭菌 Clostridium beijerinckii Donker 1926
• 雙酶梭菌 Clostridium bifermentans (Weinberg and Séguin 1918) Bergey et al. 1923
• Clostridium bolteae Song et al. 2003
• Clostridium bornimense Hahnke et al. 2014
• 肉毒桿菌 Clostridium botulinum (van Ermengem 1896) Bergey et al. 1923
• Clostridium bovifaecis Zhu et al. 2018
• Clostridium bowmanii Spring et al. 2003
• Clostridium bryantii Stieb and Schink 1985
• Clostridium budayi (Le Blaye and Guggenheim 1914) Bernard et al. 2018
• Clostridium butanoliproducens Rios-Galicia et al. 2024^[4]
• 丁酸梭菌 Clostridium butyricum Prazmowski 1880
• 屍毒梭菌 Clostridium cadaveris (Klein 1899) McClung and McCoy 1957
• Clostridium caenicola Shiratori et al. 2009
• 溫泉梭菌 Clostridium caldaquaticum Lv et al. 2023^[5]
• Clostridium caminithermale Brisbarre et al. 2003
• 食一氧化碳梭菌 Clostridium carboxidivorans Liou et al. 2005
• Clostridium carnis (Klein 1904) Spray 1939
• Clostridium cavendishii Bowman et al. 2010
• Clostridium celatum Hauschild and Holdeman 1974
• Clostridium celerecrescens Palop et al. 1989
• Clostridium cellobioparum Hungate 1944
• Clostridium cellulofermentans He et al. 1991
• Clostridium cellulolyticum Petitdemange et al. 1984
• Clostridium cellulosi He et al. 1991
• Clostridium cellulovorans Sleat et al. 1985
• Clostridium chartatabidum Kelly et al. 1996，瘤胃纖維分解細菌
• 氣腫疽梭菌 Clostridium chauvoei (Arloing et al. 1887) Scott 1928，鳴疽梭狀芽孢桿菌，肖氏芽孢梭菌
• Clostridium chromiireducens Inglett et al. 2011
• Clostridium citroniae Warren et al. 2007
• Clostridium clariflavum Shiratori et al. 2009
• 梭狀梭菌 Clostridium clostridioforme (Burri and Ankersmit 1906) Kaneuchi et al. 1976，也拼作：Clostridium clostridiiforme
• Clostridium coccoides Kaneuchi et al. 1976
• Clostridium cochlearium (Douglas et al. 1919) Bergey et al. 1923
• Clostridium cocleatum Kaneuchi et al. 1979
• Clostridium colicanis Greetham et al. 2003
• 鵪鶉梭菌 Clostridium colinum (ex Berkhoff et al. 1974) Berkhoff 1985
• Clostridium collagenovorans Jain and Zeikus 1988
• Clostridium combesii (Prévot and Laplanche 1947) Bernard et al. 2018
• Clostridium composti Shin et al. 2018
• 克薩氏梭菌 Clostridium coskatii Flüchter et al. 2019，一種新的產乙醇梭菌屬物種
• 柱盤孢梭菌 Clostridium cylindrosporum (ex Barker and Beck 1942) Andreesen et al. 1985
• 艱難梭菌 Clostridium difficile (Hall and O'Toole 1935) Prévot 1938
• Clostridium diolis Biebl and Spröer 2003
• Clostridium disporicum Horn 1987
• 德可氏梭菌 Clostridium drakei Liou et al. 2005
• Clostridium durum Smith and Cato 1974
• Clostridium estertheticum Collins et al. 1993
• 譎詐梭菌 Clostridium fallax (Weinberg and Séguin 1915) Bergey et al. 1923
• Clostridium felsineum (Carbone and Tombolato 1917) Bergey et al. 1939
• Clostridium fermenticellae Xu et al. 2019
• Clostridium fervidum Patel et al. 1987，也拼作：Clostridium fervidus
• Clostridium fessum Seo et al. 2020
• Clostridium fimetarium Kotsyurbenko et al. 1997
• Clostridium folliculivorans Tazawa et al. 2023^[6]
• 自養乙酸梭菌 Clostridium formicaceticum Andreesen et al. 1970，也拼作：Clostridium formicoaceticum
• Clostridium frigidicarnis Broda et al. 1999
• Clostridium frigoris Spring et al. 2003
• 母雞梭菌 Clostridium gallinarum Pallen 2024^[7]
• 江華梭菌 Clostridium ganghwense Kim et al. 2006
• Clostridium gasigenes Broda et al. 2000
• Clostridium gelidum Honma et al. 2022^[8]
• Clostridium ghonii Prévot 1938，也拼作：Clostridium ghoni
• 乙二醇梭菌 Clostridium glycolicum Gaston and Stadtman 1963
• Clostridium glycyrrhizinilyticum Sakuma et al. 2006
• Clostridium grantii Mountfort et al. 1996
• 廣西梭菌 Clostridium guangxiense Zhao et al. 2017
• 溶血梭菌 Clostridium haemolyticum (Hall 1929) Scott et al. 1935
• Clostridium halophilium Fendrich et al. 1991
• Clostridium halophilum corrig. Fendrich et al. 1991
• 矛形梭菌 Clostridium hastiforme MacLennan 1939，哈氏梭菌
• Clostridium hathewayi Steer et al. 2002
• Clostridium herbivorans Varel et al. 1995
• Clostridium hiranonis Kitahara et al. 2001
• 溶組織梭菌 Clostridium histolyticum (Weinberg and Séguin 1916) Bergey et al. 1923
• Clostridium homopropionicum Dörner and Schink 1991
• Clostridium huakuii Ruan et al. 2014，以對中國土壤微生物學做出貢獻的微生物學家陳華癸的名字命名
• Clostridium hungatei Monserrate et al. 2001
• Clostridium hydrogeniformans Bowman et al. 2010
• Clostridium hydroxybenzoicum Zhang et al. 1994
• Clostridium hylemonae Kitahara et al. 2000
• 印度梭菌 Clostridium indicum Gundawar et al. 2019
• Clostridium indolis McClung and McCoy 1957
• 無害梭菌 Clostridium innocuum Smith and King 1962，無害芽胞梭菌
• Clostridium intestinale corrig. Lee et al. 1989
• Clostridium intestinalis Lee et al. 1989
• Clostridium irregulare (Choukévitch 1911) Prévot 1938 ，也拼作：Clostridium irregularis
• Clostridium isatidis Padden et al. 1999
• 吉達梭菌 Clostridium jeddahense Lagier et al. 2016
• 濟州梭菌 Clostridium jejuense Jeong et al. 2004
• Clostridium josui Sukhumavasi et al. 1988
• 克氏梭菌 Clostridium kluyveri Barker and Taha 1942
• Clostridium lactatifermentans van der Wielen et al. 2002
• Clostridium lacusfryxellense Spring et al. 2003
• Clostridium laramie Kalchayanand et al. 1993
• Clostridium laramiense corrig. Kalchayanand et al. 1993
• Clostridium lavalense Domingo et al. 2009
• Clostridium lentocellum Murray et al. 1987
• Clostridium lentoputrescens Hartsell and Rettger 1934
• Clostridium leptum Moore et al. 1976
• 泥渣梭菌 Clostridium limosum André 1948
• Clostridium liquoris Yin et al. 2016
• Clostridium litorale Fendrich et al. 1991
• Clostridium lituseburense (Laplanche and Saissac 1948) McClung and McCoy 1957
• Clostridium ljungdahlii Tanner et al. 1993
• Clostridium lortetii Oren 1984
• Clostridium lundense Cirne et al. 2006
• Clostridium luticellarii Wang et al. 2015
• Clostridium magnum Schink 1984
• Clostridium malenominatum (Weinberg et al. 1937) Spray 1948
• Clostridium mangenotii (Prévot and Zimmès-Chaverou 1947) McClung and McCoy 1957
• 最大梭菌 Clostridium maximum (Lindner 1888) Lawson and Rainey 2016
• Clostridium mayombei Kane et al. 1992
• Clostridium merdae Ndongo et al. 2017^[9]
• 食甲氧基苯甲酸梭菌 Clostridium methoxybenzovorans Mechichi et al. 1999
• Clostridium methylpentosum Himelbloom and Canale-Parola 1989
• Clostridium moniliforme (Repaci 1910) Lawson and Rainey 2016
• Clostridium neonatale Bernard et al. 2018
• Clostridium neopropionicum Tholozan et al. 1995
• Clostridium neuense Zhao et al. 2017
• Clostridium nexile Holdeman and Moore 1974
• Clostridium nitritogenes (Prévot 1940) Bernard et al. 2018
• Clostridium nitrophenolicum Suresh et al. 2007
• 諾氏梭菌 Clostridium novyi (Migula 1900) Bergey et al. 1923，諾維氏梭菌，諾威氏梭狀芽孢桿菌
• Clostridium oceanicum Smith 1970
• Clostridium omnivorum Ueki et al. 2024^[10]
• Clostridium orbiscindens Winter et al. 1991
• Clostridium oroticum (Wachsman and Barker 1954) Cato et al. 1968
• Clostridium oryzae Horino et al. 2015
• Clostridium oxalicum Dehning and Schink 1990
• Clostridium pabulibutyricum Kobayashi et al. 2017
• Clostridium papyrosolvens Madden et al. 1982
• Clostridium paradoxum Li et al. 1993
• Clostridium paraperfringens Nakamura et al. 1970
• 類腐敗梭菌 Clostridium paraputrificum (Bienstock 1906) Snyder 1936，副胞梭菌
• Clostridium pascui Wilde et al. 1997
• 巴氏梭菌 Clostridium pasteurianum Winogradsky 1895，巴氏芽孢梭菌
• Clostridium peptidivorans Mechichi et al. 2000
• Clostridium perenne (Prévot 1940) McClung and McCoy 1957
• 產氣莢膜梭菌 Clostridium perfringens (Veillon and Zuber 1898) Hauduroy et al. 1937
• Clostridium phytofermentans Warnick et al. 2002
• 毛狀梭菌 Clostridium piliforme (ex Tyzzer 1917) Duncan et al. 1993
• Clostridium polyendosporum (Duda et al. 1996) Rainey et al. 2016
• 法屬波利尼西亞梭菌 Clostridium polynesiense Sankar et al. 2023^[11]
• Clostridium polysaccharolyticum (van Gylswyk 1981) van Gylswyk et al. 1983
• Clostridium populeti Sleat and Mah 1985
• Clostridium prolinivorans Huang et al. 2020
• Clostridium propionicum Cardon and Barker 1946
• Clostridium proteoclasticum Attwood et al. 1996
• Clostridium proteolyticum Jain and Zeikus 1988
• Clostridium psychrophilum Spring et al. 2003
• Clostridium punense Lanjekar et al. 2015
• Clostridium puniceum Lund et al. 1981
• Clostridium purinilyticum corrig. Dürre et al. 1981
• Clostridium purinolyticum Dürre et al. 1981
• Clostridium putrefaciens (McBryde 1911) Sturges and Drake 1927
• Clostridium putrificum (Trevisan 1889) Reddish and Rettger 1922
• Clostridium quercicolum Stankewich et al. 1971
• Clostridium quinii Svensson et al. 1995
• 拉氏梭菌 Clostridium ragsdalei ，拉格斯代爾梭菌
• 多枝梭菌 Clostridium ramosum (Veillon and Zuber 1898) Holdeman et al. 1971
• Clostridium rectum (Heller 1922) Holdeman and Moore 1972
• Clostridium roseum (ex McCoy and McClung 1935) Cato et al. 1988
• Clostridium saccharobutylicum Keis et al. 2001
• Clostridium saccharogumia Clavel et al. 2007
• Clostridium saccharolyticum Murray et al. 1982
• Clostridium saccharoperbutylacetonicum Keis et al. 2001
• Clostridium sardiniense corrig. Prévot 1938
• Clostridium sardiniensis Prévot 1938
• Clostridium sartagoforme corrig. Partansky and Henry 1935
• Clostridium sartagoformum Partansky and Henry 1935
• Clostridium saudiense Angelakis et al. 2016，也拼作：Clostridium saudii
• Clostridium scatologenes (Weinberg and Ginsbourg 1927) Prévot 1948
• Clostridium schirmacherense Alam et al. 2006
• 閃爍梭菌 Clostridium scindens Morris et al. 1985
• 塞內加爾梭菌 Clostridium senegalense Mishra et al. 2015
• 敗毒梭菌 Clostridium septicum (Macé 1889) Ford 1927
• 索氏梭菌 Clostridium sordellii (Hall and Scott 1927) Prévot 1938
• 楔形梭菌 Clostridium sphenoides (Douglas et al. 1919) Bergey et al. 1923
• Clostridium spiroforme Kaneuchi et al. 1979，為Thomasclavelia spiroformis (Kaneuchi et al. 1979) Lawson et al. 2023的異名
• 生孢梭菌 Clostridium sporogenes (Metchnikoff 1908) Bergey et al. 1923
• Clostridium sporosphaeroides Soriano and Soriano 1948
• Clostridium stercorarium Madden 1983
• Clostridium sticklandii Stadtman and McClung 1957
• Clostridium straminisolvens Kato et al. 2004
• 近端梭菌 Clostridium subterminale (Hall and Whitehead 1927) Spray 1948
• Clostridium sufflavum Nishiyama et al. 2009
• Clostridium sulfidigenes Sallam and Steinbüchel 2009
• Clostridium swellfunianum Liu et al. 2015
• Clostridium symbiosum (Stevens 1956) Kaneuchi et al. 1976
• Clostridium tagluense Suetin et al. 2009
• Clostridium tarantellae (Udey et al. 1977) Lawson and Rainey 2016
• Clostridium tepidiprofundi Slobodkina et al. 2008
• Clostridium tepidum Dobritsa et al. 2017
• Clostridium termitidis Hethener et al. 1992
• 第三梭菌 Clostridium tertium (Henry 1917) Bergey et al. 1923
• 破傷風梭菌 Clostridium tetani (Flügge 1886) Bergey et al. 1923，破傷風芽孢梭菌
• Clostridium tetanomorphum (ex Bulloch et al. 1919) Wilde et al. 1989
• Clostridium thermaceticum corrig. Fontaine et al. 1942
• Clostridium thermarum Liu et al. 2021
• Clostridium thermautotrophicum Wiegel et al. 1982
• 熱醋酸梭菌 Clostridium thermoaceticum Fontaine et al. 1942
• 熱嗜酸梭菌 Clostridium thermoacidophilus
• 熱產氣梭菌 Clostridium thermoaerogenes
• 嗜熱鹼梭菌 Clostridium thermoalcaliphilum Li et al. 1994
• Clostridium thermoautotrophicum Wiegel et al. 1982
• 熱丁酸梭菌 Clostridium thermobutyricum Wiegel et al. 1989，丁酸梭菌
• 熱介纖維素梭菌 Clostridium thermocellulaseum
• 熱纖梭菌 Clostridium thermocellum Viljoen et al. 1926
• Clostridium thermocopriae Jin et al. 1988
• 溫水硫磺梭菌 Clostridium thermohydrosulfuricum Klaushofer and Parkkinen 1965
• 嗜熱乳酸梭菌 Clostridium thermolacticum Le Ruyet et al. 1988，熱乳梭菌
• 熱棕櫚梭菌 Clostridium thermopalmarium Soh et al. 1991，帕姆酒耐熱梭菌
• Clostridium thermopapyrolyticum Méndez et al. 1991
• 嗜熱梭菌 Clostridium thermophilum
• 熱腐梭菌 Clostridium thermoputrificum
• 嗜熱化糖梭狀芽胞桿菌 Clostridium thermosaccharolyticum McClung 1935
• Clostridium thermosuccinogenes Drent et al. 1995
• Clostridium thermosulfurigenes corrig. Schink and Zeikus 1983
• Clostridium thermosulfurogenes Schink and Zeikus 1983
• Clostridium thiosulfatireducens Hernández-Eugenio et al. 2002
• 酪丁酸梭菌 Clostridium tyrobutyricum van Beynum and Pette 1935
• Clostridium uliginosum Matthies et al. 2001
• 烏爾蒂納梭菌 Clostridium ultunense Schnürer et al. 1996
• Clostridium ventriculi (Goodsir 1842) Lawson and Rainey 2016
• Clostridium villosum Love et al. 1979
• Clostridium vincentii Mountfort et al. 1997
• 綠梭菌 Clostridium viride Buckel et al. 1995
• Clostridium vulturis Paek et al. 2015
• 魏氏梭狀芽孢桿菌 Clostridium welchii
• Clostridium xylanolyticum Rogers and Baecker 1991
• Clostridium xylanovorans Mechichi et al. 2000

參考文獻

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