柯福蘭

柯福蘭（英語：Virginius Frank Coe，1907年—1980年6月2日）是美國政府經濟官員、經濟學家。麥卡錫運動時被惠特克·錢伯斯指控為共產黨員、蘇聯間諜^[1]。

柯福蘭
出生	1907年  美國里士滿
逝世	1980年6月2日(1980歲—06—02)（73歲）  中華人民共和國北京

生平

1926年畢業於芝加哥大學。1928年至1930年時約翰·霍普金斯大學法學院教師。1930年至1933年在芝加哥大學攻讀博士。1933年至1934年為布魯金斯學會研究員。從1934年夏成為美國財政部諮詢專家。1934年秋季至1939年春季，多倫多大學經濟學教授。1939年開始為聯邦安全署（英語：Federal Security Agency）（管理食品、藥品、老年人福利）負責人保羅·麥克納特（英語：Paul McNutt）工作。1940年成為物價管理局首長列昂·安德森（英語：Leon Henderson）的助理。1940年，回到財政部工作，成為貨幣政策研究助理。 1942年成為美國加拿大戰時生產聯合委員會（英語：Joint War Production Committee）執行秘書。不久成為經濟戰委員會（英語：Board of Economic Warfare）（後更名為外國經濟管理局（英語：Foreign Economic Administration））執行主任助理。1944年至1945年間，擔任美國財政部貨幣政策研究部主任。是1944年布雷頓森林會議技術秘書。1946年出任國際貨幣基金組織秘書^[2]。1952年12月辭職^[3][4]。

1949年至1953年，受到眾議院非美活動調查委員會調查，但堅決否認自己是共產黨員^[5][6][7][8]。1949年底，美國政府吊銷了他的護照。

五十年代後期，應邀到中國作為經濟專家^[9][10]。1979年被聘為中華人民共和國進出口管理委員會特約顧問。癌症手術八個月後，1980年在北京病逝^{[11] [12]}。

參考文獻

1. Harvey E. Klehr and Ronald Radosh, The Amerasia Spy Case: Prelude to McCarthyism (Chapel Hill, N.C.: University of North Carolina Press, 1996) ISBN 0-8078-2245-0, p. 21
2. His position as Secretary was often misunderstood by McCarthy and other Members of Congress to indicate that he had some say in policy. The Secretary's main duties, as Coe testified in 1953, are presiding over Board meetings, preparing the minutes, and distributing documents appropriately. See http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/bl/rr03.htm （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）.
3. A Cast of Characters. 時代雜誌. November 23, 1953 [2008-05-31]. （原始內容存檔於2008-12-22）. Virginius Frank Coe, 46, first cited by Chambers in 1939, was technical secretary of the Bretton Woods Monetary Conference in 1944, became secretary of Harry D. White's prize product, the International Monetary Fund, and was not dismissed from this $20,000-a-year job until December 1952 —shortly after he refused to answer congressional questions.
4. Belair, Jr., Felix. "WORLD FUND OUSTS AIDE WHO BALKED AT RED, SPY QUERIES; Coe Quits on Request -- House Unit Looks Into Jury's Charge U. N. Inquiry Was Hampered JUSTICE AGENCY ACCUSED Lie Orders Employes to Give Replies on Alleged Subversive Activities or Lose Jobs COE IS DISMISSED BY MONETARY FUND" （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）, The New York Times, December 4, 1952. Accessed July 1, 2008. "The International Monetary Fund announced today the dismissal of its secretary, Frank Coe, who refused last Monday to tell Senate investigators in New York whether he was now or had ever been a Communist or subversive agent taking orders from Communists."
5. Chambers, Whittaker. Witness. Random House. 1952: 468. ISBN 0-89526-571-0.
6. Gabrick, Robert, and Klehr, Harvey, Communism, Espionage, and the Cold War, Los Angeles: UCLA Press, p.15
7. "Man of Bretton Woods （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）," Time, December 15, 1952
8. United States Congress. Senate. Austrian incident. Hearings before the Permanent subcommittee on investigations of the Committee on government operations, United States Senate, 83d Cong., 1st sess., pursuant to S. Res. 40 a resolution authorizing the Committee on government operations to employ temporary additional personnel and increasing the limit of expenditures. May 29, June 5 and 8, 1953 (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1953); J. Keith Horsefield, The International Monetary Fund, 1945-1965 (Washington: International Monetary Fund), vol. 1, pp. 339-40
9. Becker, Jasper, Hungry Ghosts: Mao's Secret Famine, Macmillan (1998), ISBN 0-8050-5668-8, ISBN 978-0-8050-5668-6, pp. 290-299
10. Epoch Times Staff, Nine Commentaries on the Communist Party, The Epoch Group, Broad Book USA (2005), ISBN 1-932674-16-0, ISBN 978-1-932674-16-3, p. 47
11. Waggoner, Walter H. Frank Coe, in Peking; Former U.S. Official Took Asylum in 50's. New York Times. June 6, 1980 [2008-06-28]. （原始內容存檔於2012-10-11）. Frank Coe, a former Treasury Department official who was ousted as Secretary of the International Monetary Fund in the early 1950s after he was accused of being a Communist spy, died June 2 in Peking. Mr. Coe, who had lived in China since 1958, was 73 years old.
12. New York Times, op. cit., June 6, 1980, D15:4.

延伸閱讀

• Haynes, John Earl; Harvey Klehr. Venona: Decoding Soviet Espionage in America. Yale University Press. 2000. ISBN 0-300-08462-5.
• Klehr, Harvey; John Earl Haynes; Alexander Vassiliev. Spies: The Rise and Fall of the KGB in America 1st. Yale University Press. 2009. ISBN 0-300-12390-6. (hardcover)