改變性取向的嘗試

改變性取向的嘗試（Sexual orientation change efforts，SOCE）是指試圖將同性戀和雙性戀者的性取向改為異性戀的努力^[1]，其方法可能包括行為技巧、認知行為技巧、精神分析技術、醫學方法、宗教和精神方法^[2]。在世界的部分地區，更有通過性暴力行為（矯正強姦）試圖改變性取向的嘗試。沒有足夠的科學研究證明這些方法可以改變性取向^[2]。行為和社會科學以及健康和心理健康行業的長期公司共識是同性戀和雙性戀行為本身就是正常行為^[1]^[3]。始終未有研究能證明同性戀是疾病或異常行為^[4]^[5]。

在馬耳他、法國、德國、阿爾巴尼亞、墨西哥和加拿大等國家，進行性向改變治療屬犯罪^[6]。如巴西、厄瓜多爾和台灣等的國家不允許醫學從業者進行性向改變治療^[7]。

人權狀況

2020年，國際酷刑受害者康復委員會（英語：International Rehabilitation Council for Torture Victims）的一份官方文檔指出性向改變是酷刑的一種^[8]。同年，聯合國的性取向和性別認同專家維克多·馬季高-博柳茲（英語：Victor Madrigal-Borloz）指出，性向改變治療「帶有歧視性，是殘暴、不人道、侮辱性的待遇；基於受害者經歷的心理與生理痛苦的嚴重性，它可以被視作是一種酷刑」。他建議在全球禁止性向改變^[9]。2021年，伊利亞斯·奇波提斯(Ilias Trispiotis)和克雷格·珀仕豪斯(Craig Purshouse)認為性向改變違反了歐洲人權公約中禁止侮辱性待遇的第三條，導致了禁止性向改變的國家義務^[7]^[10]。

[1]
American Psychological Association: Resolution on Appropriate Affirmative Responses to Sexual Orientation Distress and Change Efforts （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）
[2]
Judith M. Glassgold, PsyD, Chair; Lee Beckstead, PhD; Jack Drescher, MD; Beverly Greene, PhD; Robin Lin Miller, PhD; Roger L. Worthington, PhD; Clinton W. Anderson, PhD, Staff Liaison. Report of the American Psychological Association Task Force on Appropriate Therapeutic Responses to Sexual Orientation (PDF). APA.org. American Psychological Association. August 2009 [2015-07-28]. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2010-06-15）.
[3]
"Therapies" to change sexual orientation lack medical justification and threaten health. Pan American Health Organization (PAHO). [2012-05-26]. （原始內容存檔於2012-05-26）.
[4]
Brief of Amici Curiae American Psychological Association; Maine Psychological Association; National Association of Social Workers; National Association of Social Workers, Maine Chapter; Maine Association of Psychiatric Physicians; Child Welfare League of America; Maine Children’s Alliance; Maine Medical Association; American Academy of Pediatrics, Maine Chapter; Evan B. Donaldson Adoption Institute; Kids First; and Community Counseling Center, In Support of Appellants (October 12, 2006) (PDF). [2017-12-19]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2018-05-20）.
[5]
Royal College of Psychiatrists: Submission to the Church of England’s Listening Exercise on Human Sexuality. （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）
[6]
Branch, Legislative Services. Consolidated federal laws of canada, An Act to amend the Criminal Code (conversion therapy). laws.justice.gc.ca. 2022-01-10 [2023-02-11]. （原始內容存檔於2023-02-11）.
[7]
Trispiotis, Ilias; Purshouse, Craig. ‘Conversion Therapy’ As Degrading Treatment. Oxford Journal of Legal Studies. Spring 2022, 42 (1) [2023-02-11]. PMID 35264896. doi:10.1093/ojls/gqab024. （原始內容存檔於2023-02-11）（英語）.
[8]
"Conversion Therapy is Torture". International Rehabilitation Council for Torture Victims. Retrieved 31 May 2021.
[9]
‘Conversion therapy’ can amount to torture and should be banned says UN expert. OHCHR. [2023-02-11]. （原始內容存檔於2023-03-27）（英語）.
[10]
Nugraha, Ignatius Yordan. The compatibility of sexual orientation change efforts with international human rights law. Netherlands Quarterly of Human Rights. 2017-09, 35 (3) [2023-02-11]. ISSN 0924-0519. doi:10.1177/0924051917724654. （原始內容存檔於2023-04-21）（英語）.

Facts About Changing Sexual Orientation: Dr. Gregory M. Herek （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館） University of California, Davis

[apa2009-1] [1]
American Psychological Association: Resolution on Appropriate Affirmative Responses to Sexual Orientation Distress and Change Efforts （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）

[apaTaskForce-2] [2]
Judith M. Glassgold, PsyD, Chair; Lee Beckstead, PhD; Jack Drescher, MD; Beverly Greene, PhD; Robin Lin Miller, PhD; Roger L. Worthington, PhD; Clinton W. Anderson, PhD, Staff Liaison. Report of the American Psychological Association Task Force on Appropriate Therapeutic Responses to Sexual Orientation (PDF). APA.org. American Psychological Association. August 2009 [2015-07-28]. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2010-06-15）.

[PAHO-3] [3]
"Therapies" to change sexual orientation lack medical justification and threaten health. Pan American Health Organization (PAHO). [2012-05-26]. （原始內容存檔於2012-05-26）.

[maine-4] [4]
Brief of Amici Curiae American Psychological Association; Maine Psychological Association; National Association of Social Workers; National Association of Social Workers, Maine Chapter; Maine Association of Psychiatric Physicians; Child Welfare League of America; Maine Children’s Alliance; Maine Medical Association; American Academy of Pediatrics, Maine Chapter; Evan B. Donaldson Adoption Institute; Kids First; and Community Counseling Center, In Support of Appellants (October 12, 2006) (PDF). [2017-12-19]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2018-05-20）.

[rcp2007-5] [5]
Royal College of Psychiatrists: Submission to the Church of England’s Listening Exercise on Human Sexuality. （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）

[6] [6]
Branch, Legislative Services. Consolidated federal laws of canada, An Act to amend the Criminal Code (conversion therapy). laws.justice.gc.ca. 2022-01-10 [2023-02-11]. （原始內容存檔於2023-02-11）.

[:0-7] [7]
Trispiotis, Ilias; Purshouse, Craig. ‘Conversion Therapy’ As Degrading Treatment. Oxford Journal of Legal Studies. Spring 2022, 42 (1) [2023-02-11]. PMID 35264896. doi:10.1093/ojls/gqab024. （原始內容存檔於2023-02-11）（英語）.

[8] [8]
"Conversion Therapy is Torture". International Rehabilitation Council for Torture Victims. Retrieved 31 May 2021.

[9] [9]
‘Conversion therapy’ can amount to torture and should be banned says UN expert. OHCHR. [2023-02-11]. （原始內容存檔於2023-03-27）（英語）.

[10] [10]
Nugraha, Ignatius Yordan. The compatibility of sexual orientation change efforts with international human rights law. Netherlands Quarterly of Human Rights. 2017-09, 35 (3) [2023-02-11]. ISSN 0924-0519. doi:10.1177/0924051917724654. （原始內容存檔於2023-04-21）（英語）.

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改變性取向的嘗試

人權狀況

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改變性取向的嘗試

人權狀況

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