Stevenson A, Waite M. Concise Oxford English Dictionary: Book & CD-ROM Set. OUP Oxford. 2011: 1302 [2018-03-23]. ISBN 978-0-19-960110-3. Sex: Either of the two main categories (male and female) into which humans and most other living things are divided on the basis of their reproductive functions. The fact of belonging to one of these categories. The group of all members of either sex.
Purves WK, Sadava DE, Orians GH, Heller HC. Life: The Science of Biology. Macmillan. 2000: 736 [March 23, 2018]. ISBN 978-0-7167-3873-2. A single body can function as both male and female. Sexual reproduction requires both male and female haploid gametes. In most species, these gametes are produced by individuals that are either male or female. Species that have male and female members are called dioecious (from the Greek for 'two houses'). In some species, a single individual may possess both female and male reproductive systems. Such species are called monoecious ("one house") or hermaphroditic.
Royle NJ, Smiseth PT, Kölliker M. Kokko H, Jennions M , 編. The Evolution of Parental Care. Oxford University Press. 2012: 103 [2024-03-13]. ISBN 978-0-19-969257-6. （原始內容存檔於2023-11-07） （英語）. The answer is that there is an agreement by convention: individuals producing the smaller of the two gamete types – sperm or pollen – are males, and those producing larger gametes – eggs or ovules – are females.
Kumar R, Meena M, Swapnil P. Anisogamy. Vonk J, Shackelford T (編). Encyclopedia of Animal Cognition and Behavior. Cham: Springer International Publishing: 1–5. 2019. ISBN 978-3-319-47829-6. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-47829-6_340-1. Anisogamy can be defined as a mode of sexual reproduction in which fusing gametes, formed by participating parents, are dissimilar in size.
Leonard, J. L. Williams' Paradox and the Role of Phenotypic Plasticity in Sexual Systems. Integrative and Comparative Biology. 2013-08-22, 53 (4): 671–688. ISSN 1540-7063. PMID 23970358. doi:10.1093/icb/ict088.
Sabath N, Goldberg EE, Glick L, Einhorn M, Ashman TL, Ming R, et al. Dioecy does not consistently accelerate or slow lineage diversification across multiple genera of angiosperms. The New Phytologist. February 2016, 209 (3): 1290–300. PMID 26467174. doi:10.1111/nph.13696.
Renner, Susanne S. The relative and absolute frequencies of angiosperm sexual systems: dioecy, monoecy, gynodioecy, and an updated online database. American Journal of Botany. 2014, 101 (10): 1588–1596. PMID 25326608. doi:10.3732/ajb.1400196.
Davis, Devra Lee; Gottlieb, Michelle and Stampnitzky, Julie; "Reduced Ratio of Male to Female Births in Several Industrial Countries" in Journal of the American Medical Association; April 1, 1998, volume 279(13); pp. 1018-1023
CIA Fact Book. The Central Intelligence Agency of the United States. （原始內容存檔於2007-06-13）.
Arnqvist G, Rowe L. Sexual conflict. Princeton University Press. 2005. ISBN 978-0-691-12217-5.
布魯斯·艾伯茨, Johnson A, Lewis J, Raff M, Roberts K, Walter P. Molecular Biology of the Cell 4th. New York: Garland Science. 2002. ISBN 978-0-8153-3218-3.
Ellis H. Psychology of Sex. London: W. Heinemann Medical Books. 1933. N.B.: One of many books by this pioneering authority on aspects of human sexuality.
