幼態延續

幼態延續或幼態持續（英語：neoteny 或 juvenilization）^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]，是指生物體（通常是動物）的生理（或體細胞，英語：somatic）的延遲或減緩發育，即幼體特徵的保留，如蠑螈所呈現。^[6]^[7]^[8]它在現代人類中被發現（與其他靈長類動物相比）。^[9]^[10]^[11]即某些成年人保留了只在年輕人中看到的特徵。這種保留在演化生物學、馴化和演化發育生物學中很重要。

與非人類靈長類動物相比，人類的幼態延續是身體發育的減慢或延遲，導致頭部大、臉平和手臂相對較短等特徵。這些幼態的變化可能是由人類演化中的性選擇引起的。反過來，它們可能有助於人類能力的發展，例如情感交流。然而，人類也有相對較大的鼻子和較長的腿，兩者都是非幼態特徵。一些演化理論家提出，幼態是人類演化的一個關鍵特徵。^[12] 約翰·伯頓·桑德森·霍爾丹指出，「人類的主要演化趨勢」是「兒童期的延長和成熟期的延遲。」^[5] Delbert Duane Thiessen稱「隨着早期靈長類動物演化為晚期形式，幼態延續變得更加明顯」，且靈長類動物的面部形狀的演化趨勢朝向扁平化。^[13] Doug Jones 認為，人類演化向幼態的趨勢可能是由人類演化中的性選擇引起的對年輕女性面部進行性選擇的產品」。^[14]

[1]
Template:Cite Dictionary.com
[2]
neoteny. The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language 5th. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. [April 21, 2019].
[3]
neoteny. Oxford Dictionaries. Oxford University Press.
[4]
neoteny. Merriam-Webster Dictionary. [April 21, 2019].
[5]
Montagu, A. (1989). Growing Young. Bergin & Garvey: CT.
[6]
Whiteman, H.H. Evolution of facultative paedomorphosis. Quarterly Review of Biology. 1994, 69 (2): 205–221. doi:10.1086/418540.
[7]
Schell, S. C. Handbook of Trematodes of North America North of Mexico, 1985, pg. 22
[8]
Ginetsinskaya, T.A. Trematodes, Their Life Cycles, Biology and Evolution. Leningrad, USSR: Nauka 1968. Translated in 1988, [1].
[9]
Choi, Charles Q. Being More Infantile May Have Led to Bigger Brains. Scientific American. 1 July 2009 [2022-01-22]. （原始內容存檔於2017-08-08）.
[10]
Volkenstein, M. V. 1994. Physical Approaches to Biological Evolution. Springer-Verlag: Berlin, [2].
[11]
Ridley, Mark. Evolution. Blackwell. 1985 [2022-01-22]. （原始內容存檔於2019-05-26）.
[12]
Shea, Brian T. Heterochrony in human evolution: The case for neoteny reconsidered. American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 1989, 32 (S10): 69–101. doi:10.1002/ajpa.1330320505.
[13]
Thiessen, D.D. (1997). Bittersweet destiny: the stormy evolution of human behavior. Transaction Publishers, N.J.
[14]
Jones, D.; et al. Sexual selection, physical attractiveness, and facial neoteny: Cross-cultural evidence and implications [and comments and reply]. Current Anthropology. 1995, 36 (5): 723–748 [2022-01-22]. doi:10.1086/204427. （原始內容存檔於2022-05-06）.

[1] [1]
Template:Cite Dictionary.com

[2] [2]
neoteny. The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language 5th. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. [April 21, 2019].

[3] [3]
neoteny. Oxford Dictionaries. Oxford University Press.

[4] [4]
neoteny. Merriam-Webster Dictionary. [April 21, 2019].

[Montagu-5] [5]
Montagu, A. (1989). Growing Young. Bergin & Garvey: CT.

[6] [6]
Whiteman, H.H. Evolution of facultative paedomorphosis. Quarterly Review of Biology. 1994, 69 (2): 205–221. doi:10.1086/418540.

[Schell-7] [7]
Schell, S. C. Handbook of Trematodes of North America North of Mexico, 1985, pg. 22

[8] [8]
Ginetsinskaya, T.A. Trematodes, Their Life Cycles, Biology and Evolution. Leningrad, USSR: Nauka 1968. Translated in 1988, [1].

[9] [9]
Choi, Charles Q. Being More Infantile May Have Led to Bigger Brains. Scientific American. 1 July 2009 [2022-01-22]. （原始內容存檔於2017-08-08）.

[10] [10]
Volkenstein, M. V. 1994. Physical Approaches to Biological Evolution. Springer-Verlag: Berlin, [2].

[Ridley-11] [11]
Ridley, Mark. Evolution. Blackwell. 1985 [2022-01-22]. （原始內容存檔於2019-05-26）.

[12] [12]
Shea, Brian T. Heterochrony in human evolution: The case for neoteny reconsidered. American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 1989, 32 (S10): 69–101. doi:10.1002/ajpa.1330320505.

[Bitter-13] [13]
Thiessen, D.D. (1997). Bittersweet destiny: the stormy evolution of human behavior. Transaction Publishers, N.J.

[DJones-14] [14]
Jones, D.; et al. Sexual selection, physical attractiveness, and facial neoteny: Cross-cultural evidence and implications [and comments and reply]. Current Anthropology. 1995, 36 (5): 723–748 [2022-01-22]. doi:10.1086/204427. （原始內容存檔於2022-05-06）.

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幼態延續

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