客體導向本體論

客體導向本體論，或物導向本體論（英語：Object-Oriented Ontology，OOO）是一種受海德格爾影響的形而上學理論。它拒絕將人類的存在置於非人類物體的存在之上^[1]。 這與傳統後康德哲學對「談論世界時不談論人，談論人時不談論世界」的駁斥形成了對比^[1][2]。客體導向本體論認為，客體（作為康德意義上的本體）獨立於人類感知而存在，且它不等同於被它與人類和其他對象的關係之總和^[3]。 客體導向本體論認為，所有關係，包括非人類之間的關係，都以與人類意識相同的方式改變處在關係中的客體，而關係中的客體在本體論的上都是平等的^[4]。

客體導向本體論常被視為思辨實在論的一個分支。思辨實在論是一個當代思想流派，它批評後康德主義將所有哲學探究都視為為思想與存在之間的聯繫（英語：Correlationism），進而而拒絕承認聯繫之外的任何事物的可知性^[5]。然而，客體導向本體論早於思辨實在論被提出，且並非所有思辨實在論者都同意這它對客體關係的性質和平等性提出的主張。 「客體導向哲學」這一術語由該運動的創始人格雷厄姆·哈曼（英語：Graham Harman）在其 1999年的博士論文《用具存在：客體理論的要素》中首次提出^[6][7]。 2009 年，列維·布萊恩特（英語：Levi Bryant）將其重新表述為「面向對象的本體論」。

參考文獻

1. Harman (2002)，第2頁.
2. Bryant, Levi. Onticology–A Manifesto for Object-Oriented Ontology, Part 1. Larval Subjects. January 12, 2010 [September 9, 2011]. （原始內容存檔於2023-12-05）.
3. Harman (2002)，第16頁.
4. Harman (2005)，第1頁.
5. Bryant, Harman & Srnicek (2011).
6. Understanding the "Experience" of Objects. Humanistic Perspectives in a Technological World. [October 21, 2022]. （原始內容存檔於2024-05-18） （美國英語）.
7. Harman, Graham. Brief SR/OOO Tutorial. Object-Oriented Philosophy. July 23, 2010 [September 23, 2011]. （原始內容存檔於2014-12-22）.

延伸閱讀

• Bogost, Ian. Alien Phenomenology, or What It’s Like to Be a Thing. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. 2012. ISBN 9780816678983.
• Bryant, Levi R. The Democracy of Objects. New Metaphysics. London: Open Humanities Press. 2011 [December 13, 2023]. ISBN 9781607852049.
• Bryant, Levi R.; Harman, Graham; Srnicek, Nick. The Speculative Turn: Continental Materialism and Realism. Melbourne: re.press. 2011. ISBN 9780980668346.
• Bryant, Levi R. Harman, Graham , 編. Onto-Cartography: an Ontology of Machines and Media. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. 2014. ISBN 9780748679980.
• Clough, Patricia Ticiento. The Philosophical Carpentry of the App: Criticvism and Practice. Miller, Paul D.; Matviyenko, Svitlana (編). The Imaginary App. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. 2014: 35-50. ISBN 9780262027489.
• Harman, Graham. Tool-Being: Heidegger and the Metaphysics of Objects. Peru, IL: Open Court. 2002. ISBN 9780812694444.
• Harman, Graham. Guerrilla Metaphysics: Phenomenology and the Carpentry of Things. Peru, IL: Open Court. 2005. ISBN 9780812694567.
• Harman, Graham. On vicarious causation (PDF). Collapse. 2007, 2: 187–221. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於March 8, 2016）.
• Harman, Graham. The Quadruple Object. Winchester, UK: Zero Books. 2011. ISBN 9781846947001.
• Harman, Graham. Weird Realism: Lovecraft and Philosophy. Winchester, UK: Zero Books. 2012. ISBN 9781780992525.
• Harman, Graham. Undermining, Overmining, and Duomining : A Critique (PDF). AAD Metaphysics. 2013, 2013: 40–51. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於October 8, 2017）.
• Harman, Graham. Object Oriented Ontology: A New Theory of Everything. London: Pelican Books. 2017. ISBN 9780241269152.
• Harman, Graham. An Outline of Object-Oriented Philosophy. Science Progress. 2022, 96 (2): 187–199. PMC 10365332 . PMID 23901635. S2CID 40128443. doi:10.3184/003685013X13691199842803 .
• Meillassoux, Quentin. After Finitude. New York: Continuum. 2008. ISBN 9781441173836.
• Morton, Timothy. The Ecological Thought. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. 2010. ISBN 9780674049208.
• Morton, Timothy. Sublime Objects (PDF). Speculations. 2011, II: 207–227 [18 May 2014]. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於9 July 2014）.
• Morton, Timothy. Hyperobjects: Philosophy and Ecology after the End of the World. Posthumanities. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. 2013.
• Raud, Rein. Being in Flux: A Post-Anthropocentric Ontology of the Self. Cambridge: Polity. 2021. ISBN 9781509549511.
• Simon, Joshua. Neomaterialism. Berlin: Sternberg Press. 2013. ISBN 9783943365085.
• Wolfendale, Peter. Object-Oriented Philosophy: The Noumenon's New Clothes. Falmouth, UK: Urbanomic. 2014.