包被

包被（英語：peridium）是真菌當中包覆在大量孢子（英語：Gleba）外的保護層。^[1]。這種外保護層是腹菌的一種顯著特徵。

描述

包被依據物種的不同，而有各種不同的厚度，當中包被可能薄到有如紙張，厚到有如橡膠般堅硬。通常包被層數會有1至3層；如果某個物種有2層包被，外面的一層稱為外包被（exoperidium），裏面的一層稱為內包被（endoperidium）。如果有3層包被，則會由外向內依序稱為外包被、中包被（mesoperidium）與內包被^[2]。

在最簡單的地底型態中，包被會在孢子成熟前保持閉合狀態，甚至沒有裂開（英語：Dehiscence (botany)）或打開的特殊機制，但會在孢子釋放前腐爛^[3]。

馬勃

對於大多數真菌，包被外會附有鱗片或刺。部分物種會在包被發展過程中突出地表，一般的典型物種即為馬勃；通常馬勃的包被會分化成2層以上，並在最外層分解為疣或刺。與之相反，最內層的包被仍維持完整與光滑，用以保護孢子。有時在地星屬物種當中，其包被層數更多，並且外包被最終會從頂端分裂成不等數量的點狀物。然而內層包被仍然會保持完整^[4]。

硬皮馬勃

與馬勃相反，硬皮馬勃（英語：earthball）通常只有1層包被，只有3-9公分寬^[5]^[6]。這種單層包被通常堅硬如果皮，切開來時顏色為白色，但新鮮時則為粉紅色；表面顏色則有棕色到暗黃色等各種變化，而且以鱗片型態並排^[7]。

用法

有時特定真菌物種的包被會給予一個特別的名稱。舉例，劇毒鵝膏節（Phalloidea）的包被稱為蕈托。鳥巢菌科的包被外層也被稱為「巢」^[8]。

參考文獻

[1]
British Fungus – Flora, by George Massee; page 6; Published by George Bell and Sons, 1892
[2]
Blackwell, Meredith; Alexopoulos, Constantine John; Mims, Charles W. Introductory mycology. New York: Wiley. 1996: 544. ISBN 0-471-52229-5.
[3]
"Fungi Mycetozoa and Bacteria". Eng. Ed. "A Monograph of the British Gastromycetes", Annals of Botany, vol. iv. 1889.
[4]
British Fungus – Flora: A Classified Textbook of Mycology; By George Massee; Published by George Bell and Sons, 1892; Item notes: v.1; Original from Harvard University; Digitized Jun 1, 2007
[5]
A Field Guide to Mushrooms: North America; By Vera B. McKnight, Roger Tory Peterson, National Audubon Society, National Wildlife Federation; page 362; Illustrated by Vera B. McKnight; Published by HMCo Field Guides, 1998; ISBN 0-395-91090-0, ISBN 978-0-395-91090-0
[6]
The Genera of Fungi; By Frederic Edward Clements; Published by The H. W. Wilson company, 1909; Original from the University of Michigan; page 195
[7]
Mushrooms Demystified: A Comprehensive Guide to the Fleshy Fungi; By David Arora; page 708; Published by Ten Speed Press, 1986
[8]
Botany Illustrated: Introduction to Plants, Major Groups, Flowering Plant Families; By Janice Glimn-Lacy, Peter B. Kaufman; page 53; Published by Birkhäuser, 2006; ISBN 0-387-28870-8, ISBN 978-0-387-28870-3

[1] [1]
British Fungus – Flora, by George Massee; page 6; Published by George Bell and Sons, 1892

[isbn0-471-52229-5-2] [2]
Blackwell, Meredith; Alexopoulos, Constantine John; Mims, Charles W. Introductory mycology. New York: Wiley. 1996: 544. ISBN 0-471-52229-5.

[3] [3]
"Fungi Mycetozoa and Bacteria". Eng. Ed. "A Monograph of the British Gastromycetes", Annals of Botany, vol. iv. 1889.

[4] [4]
British Fungus – Flora: A Classified Textbook of Mycology; By George Massee; Published by George Bell and Sons, 1892; Item notes: v.1; Original from Harvard University; Digitized Jun 1, 2007

[5] [5]
A Field Guide to Mushrooms: North America; By Vera B. McKnight, Roger Tory Peterson, National Audubon Society, National Wildlife Federation; page 362; Illustrated by Vera B. McKnight; Published by HMCo Field Guides, 1998; ISBN 0-395-91090-0, ISBN 978-0-395-91090-0

[6] [6]
The Genera of Fungi; By Frederic Edward Clements; Published by The H. W. Wilson company, 1909; Original from the University of Michigan; page 195

[7] [7]
Mushrooms Demystified: A Comprehensive Guide to the Fleshy Fungi; By David Arora; page 708; Published by Ten Speed Press, 1986

[8] [8]
Botany Illustrated: Introduction to Plants, Major Groups, Flowering Plant Families; By Janice Glimn-Lacy, Peter B. Kaufman; page 53; Published by Birkhäuser, 2006; ISBN 0-387-28870-8, ISBN 978-0-387-28870-3

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