侯奈因·伊本·伊斯哈格(Hunayn ibn Ishaq,809–873)是最重要的古希臘語翻譯家之一,是天主教聶斯托利派教徒,同時也是醫生和作家,他的醫學著作,特別是對於人眼的研究,在歐洲流行了數個世紀。[22]
阿拔斯·伊本·弗納斯(Abbas Ibn Firnas,810–887)是一位安達盧西亞科學家、音樂家及發明家。他發明了用於製作器皿的透明玻璃、用於放大物體的透鏡。他的房間里有模擬的天空,也曾試圖發明飛行器。[23]
薩比特·伊本·庫拉(Thābit ibn Qurra,835–901)是一位出生哈蘭的翻譯家、數學家,他在翻譯時也會加入自己的研究。曾嘗試解決數學象棋問題。[24]
花拉子密(Muḥammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī,約8-9世紀)是一位波斯數學家、[25] 地理學家和天文學家。被認為是伊斯蘭文明中最偉大的數學家。對阿拉伯數字的傳播起着重要作用,他發展了伊斯蘭代數學。[26]
巴塔尼(Muḥammad ibn Jābir al-Ḥarrānī al-Battānī,850–922)是一位天文學家,精確測量出來了天文年的長度。他發明的一些數字表還曾被哥白尼採用。[27]
拉齊(Muhammad ibn Zakariyā Rāzī,約854–925/935)是一位出生與伊朗的波斯通才,在醫學上的貢獻尤為顯著,他識別出了天花和麻疹,發現了發燒是人體的自衛措施。他寫出了23卷關於中國、印度、波斯、敘利亞和希臘數學的大綱。他對希臘的體液病理學及伽林的放血療法提出了質疑。[28]
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