乳桿菌屬[1]（學名：Lactobacillus）或乳酸桿菌屬[2]、乳酸菌屬[3]，簡稱乳桿菌、乳酸桿菌、乳酸菌，是乳桿菌目乳桿菌科的一屬，為不形成芽孢、兼性厭氧的革蘭氏陽性桿菌。因在乳酪形成的發酵過程中發現而得名。
乳桿菌可發酵碳水化合物，如分解乳糖，並產生大量乳酸與能量。由於乳桿菌在代謝過程中可以產生有機酸、細菌素、過氧化氫、雙乙酞等多種天然抑菌物質，因此是人類口腔、腸道和陰道的益生菌。乳桿菌具有維持體內菌群平衡，降低膽固醇水平，提高機體免疫力，促進營養物質吸收等多種功能[4]。
在人體腸道微生物群中，乳桿菌是重要菌群之一，它與腸道微生態系統的調節和代謝、免疫的調控密切相關[5]。在人體陰道微生物群中，以產過氧化氫的乳桿菌為優勢菌，在維持陰道微生態平衡方面發揮重要作用[6]。
乳桿菌可用於製造液態乳酪、固態奶酪、德國酸菜、啤酒、葡萄酒、泡菜、醃漬食品和其他發酵食品。益生菌能夠幫助消化，有助人體腸臟的健康，因此乳酪被視為健康食品。
物種
本屬包括以下物種：[7]
- 耐酸乳桿菌 Lactobacillus acetotolerans Entani et al., 1986
- Lactobacillus acidifarinae Vancanneyt et al., 2005
- Lactobacillus acidipiscis Tanasupawat et al., 2000
- 嗜酸乳桿菌 Lactobacillus acidophilus (Moro, 1900) Hansen & Mocquot, 1970，嗜酸桿菌
- 嗜酸產氣乳桿菌 Lactobacillus acidophil-aerogenes ，嗜酸產氣桿菌，嗜酸產氣乳桿菌
- 嗜酸病原乳桿菌 Lactobacillus acidophilus-pathogenes
- 敏捷乳桿菌 Lactobacillus agilis Weiss et al., 1982
- 嗜醇乳桿菌 Lactobacillus alcoholphilus
- Lactobacillus algidus Kato et al., 2000
- Lactobacillus alimentarius
- Lactobacillus amylolyticus Bohak et al., 1999
- Lactobacillus amylophilus Nakamura & Crowell, 1981
- Lactobacillus amylovorus Nakamura, 1981
- Lactobacillus animalis Dent & Williams, 1983
- Lactobacillus antri Roos et al., 2005
- Lactobacillus apinorum Olofsson et al., 2014
- Lactobacillus apis Killer et al., 2014
- Lactobacillus apodemi Osawa et al., 2006
- Lactobacillus aquaticus Mañes-Lázaro et al., 2009
- Lactobacillus agrestimuris Afrizal et al. 2023[8]
- 禽乳桿菌 Lactobacillus aviarius Fujisawa et al., 1985，鳥乳桿菌[9]
- Lactobacillus backii Tohno et al., 2013
- Lactobacillus bifermentans (ex Pette and van Beynum 1943) Kandler et al. 1983[10]
- Lactobacillus bombi Killer et al., 2014
- Lactobacillus bombicola Praet et al., 2015
- Lactobacillus brantae Volokhov et al., 2012
- 短乳桿菌 Lactobacillus brevis (Orla-Jensen, 1919) Bergey et al., 1934
- Lactobacillus buchneri (Henneberg, 1903) Bergey et al., 1923
- Lactobacillus cacaonum De Bruyne et al., 2009
- Lactobacillus camelliae Tanasupawat et al., 2007
- Lactobacillus capillatus Chao et al., 2008
- 乾酪乳桿菌 Lactobacillus casei (Orla-Jensen, 1916) Hansen & Lessel, 1971
- Lactobacillus caviae Killer et al., 2017
- Lactobacillus cerevisiae Koob et al., 2017
- Lactobacillus ceti Monteros, Goyache, Herraez, Tames, Cruz, Dominguez & Fernandez-Garayzabal, 2008
- Lactobacillus ceti Vela et al., 2008
- Lactobacillus coleohominis Nikolaitchouk et al., 2001
- Lactobacillus colini Zhang et al., 2017
- Lactobacillus collinoides Carr & Davies, 1972
- Lactobacillus composti Endo & Okada, 2007
- Lactobacillus concavus Tong & Dong, 2005
- Lactobacillus corticis Tohno et al. 2021[11]
- Lactobacillus coryniformis Abo-Elnaga & Kandler, 1965
- Lactobacillus crispatus (Brygoo & Aladame, 1953) Moore & Holdeman, 1970
- Lactobacillus crustorum Scheirlinck et al., 2007
- Lactobacillus curieae Lei et al., 2013
- Lactobacillus curvatus (Troili-Petersson, 1903) Abo-Elnaga & Kandler, 1965
- 德氏乳桿菌 Lactobacillus delbrueckii (Leichmann 1896) Beijerinck 1901
- 德氏乳桿菌保加利亞亞種 Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus，保加利亞乳桿菌
- 德氏乳桿菌指名亞種 Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. delbrueckii
- Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. lactis
- 糊精乳桿菌 Lactobacillus dextrinicus (Coster & White, 1964) Haakensen et al., 2009
- Lactobacillus diolivorans Krooneman et al., 2002
- Lactobacillus equi Morotomi et al., 2002
- Lactobacillus equicursoris Morita et al., 2010
- Lactobacillus equigenerosi Endo et al., 2008
- Lactobacillus fabifermentans De Bruyne et al., 2009
- Lactobacillus faecis Endo et al., 2013
- Lactobacillus farciminis (ex Reuter 1970) Reuter 1983[12]，為Companilactobacillus farciminis (Reuter 1983 ex Reuter 1970) Zheng et al. 2020的異名
- Lactobacillus farraginis Endo & Okada, 2007
- 發酵乳桿菌 Lactobacillus fermentum Beijerinck, 1901
- Lactobacillus floricola Kawasaki et al., 2011
- Lactobacillus florum Endo et al., 2010
- Lactobacillus formosensis Chang et al., 2015
- Lactobacillus fornicalis Dicks et al., 2000
- Lactobacillus fructivorans Charlton et al., 1934
- Lactobacillus frumenti Müller et al., 2000
- Lactobacillus fuchuensis Sakala et al., 2002
- Lactobacillus furfuricola Irisawa et al., 2014
- Lactobacillus futsaii Chao et al., 2012
- Lactobacillus gallinarum Fujisawa et al., 1992
- 加氏乳桿菌 Lactobacillus gasseri Lauer & Kandler, 1980
- Lactobacillus gastricus Roos et al., 2005
- 加納乳桿菌 Lactobacillus ghanensis Nielsen et al., 2007
- Lactobacillus gigeriorum Cousin et al., 2012
- Lactobacillus gorillae Tsuchida et al., 2014
- Lactobacillus graminis Beck et al., 1989
- Lactobacillus hammesii Valcheva et al., 2005
- Lactobacillus hamsteri Mitsuoka & Fujisawa, 1988
- 哈爾濱乳桿菌 Lactobacillus harbinensis Miyamoto et al., 2006
- Lactobacillus hayakitensis Morita et al., 2007
- 黑龍江乳桿菌 Lactobacillus heilongjiangensis Gu et al., 2013
- Lactobacillus helsingborgensis Olofsson et al., 2014
- Lactobacillus helveticus (Orla-Jensen, 1919) Bergey et al., 1925
- Lactobacillus herbarum Mao et al., 2015
- Lactobacillus hilgardii Douglas & Cruess, 1936
- Lactobacillus hokkaidonensis Tohno et al., 2013
- Lactobacillus hominis Cousin et al., 2013
- Lactobacillus hordei Rouse et al., 2008
- 惰性乳桿菌 Lactobacillus iners Falsen et al., 1999
- Lactobacillus ingluviei Baele et al., 2003
- Lactobacillus insicii Ehrmann et al., 2016
- Lactobacillus intestinalis (ex Hemme 1974) Fujisawa et al. 1990[13]
- Lactobacillus isalae Eilers et al. 2023[14]
- Lactobacillus iwatensis Tohno et al., 2013
- Lactobacillus ixorae Techo et al., 2016
- Lactobacillus jensenii Gasser et al., 1970
- 約翰遜乳桿菌 Lactobacillus johnsonii Fujisawa et al., 1992
- Lactobacillus kalixensis Roos et al., 2005
- Lactobacillus kefiranofaciens Fujisawa et al., 1988
- Lactobacillus kefiri Kandler & Kunath, 1983
- Lactobacillus kimbladii
- Lactobacillus kimchicus Liang et al., 2011
- Lactobacillus kimchiensis Kim et al., 2013
- Lactobacillus kisonensis Watanabe et al., 2009
- Lactobacillus kitasatonis Mukai et al., 2003
- 朝鮮乳桿菌 Lactobacillus koreensis Bui et al., 2011
- Lactobacillus kullabergensis Olofsson et al., 2014
- Lactobacillus kunkeei Edwards et al., 1998
- Lactobacillus lindneri
- Lactobacillus malefermentans
- Lactobacillus mali Carr & Davies, 1970
- Lactobacillus manihotivorans Morlon-Guyot et al., 1998
- Lactobacillus mellifer Olofsson et al., 2014
- Lactobacillus mellis Olofsson et al., 2014
- Lactobacillus melliventris Olofsson et al., 2014
- Lactobacillus mindensis Ehrmann et al., 2003
- Lactobacillus mixtipabuli Tohno et al., 2015
- Lactobacillus modestisalitolerans Miyashita et al., 2015
- Lactobacillus mucosae Roos et al., 2000
- 牡丹江乳桿菌 Lactobacillus mudanjiangensis Gu et al., 2013
- Lactobacillus mulieris Rocha et al. 2020[15]
- Lactobacillus murinus Hemme et al., 1982
- Lactobacillus nagelii Edwards et al., 2000
- Lactobacillus namurensis Scheirlinck et al., 2007
- Lactobacillus nantensis Valcheva et al., 2006
- Lactobacillus nasalidis Suzuki-Hashido et al. 2021[16]
- Lactobacillus nasuensis Cai et al., 2012
- 嫩江乳桿菌 Lactobacillus nenjiangensis Gu et al., 2013
- Lactobacillus nodensis Kashiwagi et al., 2009
- Lactobacillus odoratitofui Chao et al., 2010
- Lactobacillus oeni Mañes-Lázaro et al., 2009
- Lactobacillus oligofermentans Koort et al., 2005
- Lactobacillus oris Farrow & Collins, 1988
- Lactobacillus oryzae Tohno et al., 2013
- Lactobacillus otakiensis Watanabe et al., 2009
- Lactobacillus ozensis Kawasaki et al., 2011
- Lactobacillus panis Wiese et al., 1996
- Lactobacillus panisapium Wang et al. 2018[17]
- Lactobacillus pantheris Liu & Dong, 2002
- Lactobacillus parabrevis Vancanneyt et al., 2006
- Lactobacillus parabuchneri Farrow et al., 1989
- 副乾酪乳桿菌 Lactobacillus paracasei Collins et al., 1989
- Lactobacillus paracollinoides Suzuki et al., 2004
- Lactobacillus parafarraginis Endo & Okada, 2007
- Lactobacillus paragasseri Tanizawa et al. 2018[18]
- Lactobacillus parakefiri Takizawa et al., 1994
- Lactobacillus paralimentarius Cai et al., 1999
- Lactobacillus paraplantarum Curk et al., 1996
- Lactobacillus pasteurii Cousin et al., 2013
- Lactobacillus paucivorans Ehrmann et al., 2010
- Lactobacillus pentosiphilus Tohno et al., 2017
- Lactobacillus pentosus
- Lactobacillus perolens Back et al., 2000
- Lactobacillus plajomi Miyashita et al., 2015
- 植物乳桿菌 Lactobacillus plantarum (Orla-Jensen, 1919) Bergey et al., 1923
- Lactobacillus pobuzihii Chen et al., 2010
- Lactobacillus pontis Vogel et al., 1994
- Lactobacillus porci
- Lactobacillus porcinae Nguyen et al., 2013
- Lactobacillus psittaci Lawson et al., 2001
- Lactobacillus rapi Watanabe et al., 2009
- Lactobacillus rennini Chenoll et al., 2006
- Lactobacillus reuteri Kandler et al., 1982
- 鼠李糖乳桿菌 Lactobacillus rhamnosus (Hansen, 1968) Collins et al., 1989
- Lactobacillus rodentium Killer et al., 2014
- Lactobacillus rogosae Holdeman & Moore, 1974
- Lactobacillus rossiae Corsetti et al., 2005
- Lactobacillus ruminis Sharpe et al., 1973
- Lactobacillus saerimneri Pedersen & Roos, 2004
- Lactobacillus sakei Katagiri et al., 1934
- 唾液乳桿菌 Lactobacillus salivarius Rogosa et al., 1953
- 三藩市乳桿菌 Lactobacillus sanfranciscensis (ex Kline and Sugihara 1971) Weiss and Schillinger 1984
- Lactobacillus saniviri Oki et al., 2012
- Lactobacillus satsumensis Endo & Okada, 2005
- Lactobacillus secaliphilus Ehrmann et al., 2007
- Lactobacillus selangorensis (Leisner et al., 2000) Haakensen et al., 2011
- Lactobacillus senioris Oki et al., 2012
- Lactobacillus senmaizukei Hiraga et al., 2008
- Lactobacillus sharpeae Weiss et al., 1982
- 深圳乳桿菌 Lactobacillus shenzhenensis Zou et al., 2013
- Lactobacillus sicerae Puertas et al., 2014
- Lactobacillus silagei Tohno et al., 2013
- Lactobacillus silagincola Tohno et al., 2017
- Lactobacillus siliginis Aslam et al., 2006
- 相似乳桿菌 Lactobacillus similis Kitahara et al., 2010
- 松花江乳桿菌 Lactobacillus songhuajiangensis Gu et al., 2013
- Lactobacillus spicheri Meroth et al., 2004
- Lactobacillus suantsaicola Lin et al., 2020
- Lactobacillus sucicola Irisawa & Okada, 2009
- Lactobacillus suebicus Kleynmans et al., 1989
- Lactobacillus sunkii Watanabe et al., 2009
- 台灣乳桿菌 Lactobacillus taiwanensis Wang et al., 2009
- 泰國乳桿菌 Lactobacillus thailandensis Tanasupawat et al., 2007
- Lactobacillus tucceti Chenoll et al., 2009
- Lactobacillus ultunensis Roos et al., 2005
- Lactobacillus uvarum Mañes-Lázaro et al., 2009
- Lactobacillus vaccinostercus Kozaki & Okada, 1983
- Lactobacillus vaginalis Embley et al., 1989
- Lactobacillus versmoldensis Kröckel et al., 2003
- Lactobacillus vespulae Hoang et al., 2015
- Lactobacillus vini Rodas et al., 2006
- Lactobacillus wasatchensis Oberg et al., 2016
- 襄樊乳桿菌 Lactobacillus xiangfangensis Gu et al., 2012
- 徐建國氏乳桿菌 Lactobacillus xujianguonis
- Lactobacillus yonginensis Yi et al., 2013
- Lactobacillus zeae
- Lactobacillus zymae Vancanneyt et al., 2005
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