中西星名對照表將中國星名對應到現代星名,並列出所有星區、星官以及星名的中西譯名,分為32天區,有306星官,共1511星。由於星數眾多,按北天、南天、東方、北方、西方、南方共六個星區分別列表,又獨立出二十八宿部分以方便瀏覽。
- 三垣二十八宿(四象)的星官名以丹元子《步天歌》為準,有283星官[1];星數以《儀象考成》為準,共1381星[2]。近南極以《儀象考成續編》為準,有23星官,共130星。
- 中國天文學史專有名詞英譯全部以香港太空館中國星區、星官及星名英譯表 (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館)為準。
中西星名對照表 |
專有名詞
在中國的星象劃分中「垣」、「象」、「宿」、「星官」是四個不同的單位,與現代88星座的劃分方法完全不一樣。
- 垣 enclosures
- 「三垣」是最晚形成的星區概念,皆有東西兩藩的星,即圍繞宮室的牆垣,故又可稱為「宮」。
- 象 symbols
- 有形象、象徵之意,「四象」是最早形成的星區概念,後來演變成平面座標中的四個象限。
- 宿 lunar mansions
- 又稱為「舍」,專指二十八個特定的星官或其所在的天區,即「二十八宿」,其重要性相當於西洋的「黃道十二宮」。
- 要特別注意的是,在英文中「lunar mansion」一定是指某特定星官所在的「星區」,而非單一的星官。
- 星官 constellations
- 與西洋「星座」的意義較為類似,都是星象劃分的最小單位,但中國的「星官」有時只有一顆星,而且對他們之間的邊界沒有作定義,兩者的概念不同。[3]
- 「星宿」一詞與「星官」同義[4],只有用在二十八宿時,才可以等同於「宿」,兩者意義有所不同,應避免混用。
- 「天官」有時指「星官」,但一般皆指《史記·天官書》中的「五官」,即「五宮」,應避免混用。
三垣
紫微垣代表皇宮,有37星官,共163星,丹元子《步天歌》稱為「中元」。
紫微垣 the Purple Forbidden Enclosure | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
北極 Northern pole |
太子(附北極) Crown prince |
帝(附北極) Emperor |
庶子(附北極) Son of Concubine |
后宮(附北極) Imperial Concubine |
天樞(附北極) Celestial pivot |
四輔 Four Advisors |
勾陳 Curved Array |
天皇大帝 Great Emperor of Heaven |
天柱 Celestial Pillar |
御女 Maids-in-waiting |
女史 Female protocol |
柱史 Official of royal archives |
尚書 Royal secretary |
天床 Celestial bed |
大理 Chief judge |
陰德 Hidden virtue |
六甲 Six Jia |
五帝內座 Interior seats of five emperors |
華蓋 Canopy of the emperor |
杠(附華蓋) Canopy Support |
紫微左垣 Left wall |
左樞(附左垣) Left pivot |
上宰(附左垣) First premier |
少宰(附左垣) Second premier |
上弼(附左垣) First minister |
少弼(附左垣) Second minister |
上衛(附左垣) First imperial guard |
少衛(附左垣) Second imperial guard |
少丞(附左垣) Second prime minister |
紫微右垣 Right Wall |
右樞(附右垣) Right pivot |
少尉(附右垣) Second chief judge |
上輔(附右垣) First minister |
少輔(附右垣) Second minister |
上衛(附右垣) First imperial guard |
少衛(附右垣) Second imperial guard |
上丞(附右垣) First prime minister |
天乙 Celestial great one |
太乙 First great one |
內廚 Inner kitchen |
北斗 Northern dipper |
天樞(附北斗) Celestial pivot |
天璇(附北斗) Celestial rotating jade |
天璣(附北斗) Celestial shining pearl |
天權(附北斗) Celestial balance |
玉衡(附北斗) Jade sighting-tube |
開陽(附北斗) Opener of heat |
搖光(附北斗) Twinkling brilliance |
輔(附北斗) Assistant |
天槍 Celestial spear |
玄戈 Sombre lance |
三公 Three excellencies |
相 Prime minister |
天理 Judge for nobility |
太陽守 Guard of the Sun |
太尊 Royals |
天牢 Celestial prison |
勢 Eunuch |
文昌 Administrative centre |
內階 Inner steps |
三師 Three top instructors |
八穀 Eight kinds of crops |
傳舍 Guest house |
天廚 Celestial kitchen |
天棓 Celestial flail |
太微垣代表朝廷,有20星官,共78星,丹元子《步天歌》稱為「上元」。
太微垣 the Supreme Forbidden Enclosure | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
五帝座 Seats of the five emperors |
太子 Crown prince |
從官 Retinue |
幸臣 Officer of honour |
五諸侯 Five feudal kings |
九卿 Nine senior officers |
三公 Three excellencies |
內屏 Inner screen |
太微左垣 Left wall |
左執法(附左垣) Left law administrator |
東上相(附左垣) First eastern minister |
東次相(附左垣) Second eastern minister |
東次將(附左垣) Second eastern general |
東上將(附左垣) First eastern general |
太微右垣 Right wall |
右執法(附右垣) Right law administrator |
西上將(附右垣) First western general |
西次將(附右垣) Second western general |
西次相(附右垣) Second western minister |
西上相(附右垣) First western minister |
郎將 Captain of the bodyguards |
郎位 Official of imperial guard |
常陳 Imperial guards |
三台 Three steps |
上台(附三台) Upper step |
中台(附三台) Middle step |
下台(附三台) Lower step |
虎賁 Emperor's bodyguard |
少微 Junior officers |
長垣 Long wall |
靈台 Astronomical observatory |
明堂 Cosmological temple |
謁者 Usher of the court |
天市垣代表諸侯,有19星官,共87星,丹元子《步天歌》稱為「下元」。
天市垣 the Heavenly Forbidden Enclosure | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
帝座 Emperor's seat |
候 Astrologer |
宦者 Eunuch official |
斗 Dipper for liquids |
斛 Dipper for solids |
列肆 Jewel market |
車肆 Commodity market |
市樓 Municipal office |
宗正 Official for royal clan |
宗人 Official of Religious Ceremonies |
宗 Patriarchal clan |
帛度 Textile ruler |
屠肆 Butcher's shops |
天市左垣 Left wall |
魏(附左垣) WEI |
趙(附左垣) ZHAO |
九河(附左垣) JIUHE |
中山(附左垣) ZHONGSHAN |
齊(附左垣) QI |
吳越(附左垣) WUYUE |
徐(附左垣) XU |
東海(附左垣) DONGHAI |
燕(附左垣) YAN |
南海(附左垣) NANHAI |
宋(附左垣) SONG |
天市右垣 Right wall |
河中(附右垣) HEZHONG |
河間(附右垣) HEJIAN |
晉(附右垣) JIN |
鄭(附右垣) ZHENG |
周(附右垣) ZHOU |
秦(附右垣) QIN |
蜀(附右垣) SHU |
巴(附右垣) BA |
梁(附右垣) LIANG |
楚(附右垣) CHU |
韓(附右垣) HAN |
天紀 Celestial Discipline |
女床 Woman's bed |
貫索 Coiled thong |
七公 Seven excellencies |
四象
二十八宿包括四象中最重要的28星官,有167星。在中國星象發展的歷史最早,並且是逐步完備而成,但也因為年代久遠,對於他是如何選定、劃分,仍無一致共識。
二十八宿 the twenty-eight lunar mansions | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
東方七宿 Seven Mansions of the East |
角 Horn |
亢 Neck |
氐 Root |
房 Room |
心 Heart |
尾 Tail |
箕 Winnowing-basket |
北方七宿 the seven mansions of the north |
斗 Dipper |
牛 the Ox |
女 the Girl |
虛 the Emptiness |
危 the Rooftop |
室 the Encampment |
壁 the Wall |
西方七宿 the seven mansions of the west |
奎 the Legs |
婁 the Bond |
胃 the Stomach |
昴 the Hairy head |
畢 the Net |
觜 the Turtle beak |
參 the Three (stars) |
南方七宿 the seven mansions of the south |
井 the Well |
鬼 the Ghosts |
柳 the Willow |
星 the Star |
張 the Extended Net |
翼 the Wings |
軫 the Chariot |
青龍代表春季,有46星官,共153星,《史記·天官書》稱為「東官」。
青龍 the Azure Dragon | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
角宿 Horn Mansion |
角 Horn |
平道 Flat road |
天田 Celestial farmland |
周鼎 Tripod of the ZHOU |
進賢 Recommending virtuous man |
天門 Celestial gate |
平 Judging |
庫樓 Arsenal |
柱 Pillars |
衡 Railings | |
南門 Southern gate | |||||
亢宿 Neck Mansion |
亢 Neck |
大角 Great horn |
左攝提 Left conductor |
右攝提 Right conductor |
折威 Executions |
頓頑 Trials |
陽門 Gate of YANG | ||||
氐宿 Root Mansion |
氐 Root |
亢池 Boats and lake |
帝席 Mattress of the emperor |
梗河 Celestial lance |
招搖 Twinkling indicator |
天乳 Celestial milk |
天輻 Celestial spokes |
陣車 Battle chariots |
車騎 Chariots and cavalry |
騎陣將軍 Chariot and Cavalry general | |
騎官 Imperial guards | |||||
房宿 Room Mansion |
房 Room |
鈎鈐(附房宿) Lock |
鍵閉 Door bolt |
罰 Punishment |
東咸 Eastern door |
西咸 Western door |
日 Sun |
從官 Retinue | |||
心宿 Heart Mansion |
心 Heart |
積卒 Group of soldiers | |||
尾宿 Tail Mansion |
尾 Tail |
神宮(附尾宿) Changing room |
天江 Celestial river |
傅說 FUYUE |
魚 Fish |
龜 Tortoise | |||||
箕宿 Winnowing-basket Mansion |
箕 Winnowing-basket |
糠 Chaff |
杵 Pestle |
玄武代表冬季,有65星官,共371星,《史記·天官書》稱為「北官」。
玄武 the Black Warrior | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
斗宿 Dipper Mansion |
斗 Dipper |
天龠 Celestial keyhole |
天弁 Market officer |
建 Establishment |
天雞 Celestial cock |
狗 Dog |
狗國 Territory of dogs |
天淵 Celestial spring |
農丈人 Peasant |
鱉 River turtle | |
牛宿 Ox Mansion |
牛 Ox |
天桴 Celestial drumstick |
河鼓 Drum at the river |
左旗 Left flag |
右旗 Right flag |
織女 Weaving girl |
漸臺 Clepsydra terrace |
輦道 Imperial passageway |
羅堰 Networks of dykes |
天田 Celestial farmland | |
九坎 Nine water wells | |||||
女宿 Girl Mansion |
女 Girl |
離珠 Pearls on ladies' wear |
敗瓜 Rotten melom |
瓠瓜 Good malom |
天津 Celestial ford |
奚仲 XIZHONG |
扶筐 Basket for mulberry leaves |
十二國 Twelve countries |
周(附十二國) ZHOU |
秦(附十二國) QIN | |
代(附十二國) DAI |
趙(附十二國) ZHAO |
越(附十二國) YUE |
齊(附十二國) QI |
楚(附十二國) CHU | |
鄭(附十二國) ZHENG |
魏(附十二國) WEI |
韓(附十二國) HAN |
晉(附十二國) JIN |
燕(附十二國) YAN | |
虛宿 Emptiness Mansion |
虛 Emptiness |
司命 Deified judge of life |
司祿 Deified judge of rank |
司危 Deified judge of disaster and good fortune |
司非 Deified judge of right and wrong |
哭 Crying |
泣 Weeping |
璃瑜 Jade ornament on ladies' wear |
天壘城 Celestial ramparts |
敗臼 Decayed Mortar | |
危宿 Rooftop Mansion |
危 Rooftop |
墳墓(附危宿) Tomb |
蓋屋 Roofing |
虛梁 Temple |
天錢 Celestial money |
人 Humans |
杵 Pestle |
臼 Mortar |
車府 Big yard for chariots |
造父 ZAOFU | |
天鈎 Celestial hook | |||||
室宿 Encampment Mansion |
室 Encampment |
離宮(附室宿) Resting palace |
螣蛇 Flying serpent |
雷電 Thunder and lightning |
土公吏 Official for materials supply |
壘壁陣 The line of ramparts |
羽林軍 Palace guard |
天綱 Materials for Making Tents |
北落師門 North gate of the military camp |
鈇鉞 Axe | |
八魁 Net for catching birds | |||||
壁宿 Wall Mansion |
壁 Wall |
天廄 Celestial stable |
土公 Official for earthworks and buildings |
霹靂 Thunderbolt |
雲雨 Cloud and rain |
鈇鑕 Sickle |
白虎代表秋季,有54星官,共291星,《史記·天官書》稱為「西官」。
白虎 the White Tiger | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
奎宿 Legs Mansion |
奎 Legs |
王良 WANGLIANG |
策 Whip |
附路 Auxiliary road |
軍南門 Southern military gate |
閣道 Flying corridor |
外屏 Outer fence |
天溷 Celestial pigsty |
土司空 Master of constructions | ||
婁宿 Bond Mansion |
婁 Bond |
天大將軍 Great general of the heaven |
左更 Official in charge of forest |
右更 Official in charge of pasturing |
天倉 Square celestial granary |
天庾 Ricks of grain | |||||
胃宿 Stomach Mansion |
胃 Stomach |
大陵 Mausoleum |
積屍 Heaps of corpses |
天船 Celestial boat |
積水 Stored water |
天廩 Celestial foodstuffs |
天囷 Circular celestial granary | ||||
昴宿 Hairy head Mansion |
昴 Hairy head |
天阿 Celestial river |
月 Moon |
捲舌 Rolled tongue |
天讒 Celestial slander |
礪石 |
天陰 Celestial YIN force |
蒭藁 Hay |
天苑 Celestial meadows | ||
畢宿 Net Mansion |
畢 Net |
附耳(附畢宿) Whisper |
天街 Celestial street |
天高 Celestial high terrace |
諸王 Feudal kings |
五車 Five chariots |
柱 Pillars |
咸池 Pool of harmony |
天潢 Celestial pier |
天關 Celestial gate | |
天節 Celestial tally |
九州殊口 Interpreters of nine dialects |
參旗 Banner of three stars |
九斿 Imperial military flag |
天園 Celestial orchard | |
觜宿 Turtle beak Mansion |
觜 Turtle beak |
司怪 Deity in charge of monsters |
座旗 Seat flags | ||
參宿 Three stars Mansion |
參 Three stars |
伐(附參宿) Punishment |
玉井 Jade well |
軍井 Military well |
屏 Screen |
廁 Toilet |
屎 Excrement |
朱雀代表夏季,有42星官,共238星,《史記·天官書》稱為「南官」。《儀象考成》無「天廟」、「東甌」、「軍門」、「土司空」、「器府」5星官,共57星。
朱雀 the Vermilion Bird | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
井宿 Well Mansion |
井 Well |
鉞(附井宿) Battle axe |
水府 Official for irrigation |
天樽 Celestial wine cup |
五諸侯 Five feudal kings |
北河 North river |
積水 Accumulated water |
積薪 Pile of firewood |
水位 Water level |
南河 South river | |
四瀆 Four channels |
闕丘 Palace gate |
軍市 Market for the soldiers |
野雞 Wild cockerel |
天狼 Celestial wolf | |
丈人 Grandfather |
子 Son |
孫 Grandson |
老人 Old man |
弧矢 Bow and arrow | |
鬼宿 Ghosts Mansion |
鬼 Ghosts |
積屍 Cumulative corpses |
爟 Beacon fire |
外廚 Outer kitchen |
天記 Judge to estimate the age of animals |
天狗 Celestial dog |
天社 Celestial earth god' s temple | ||||
柳宿 Willow Mansion |
柳 Willow |
酒旗 Banner of wine shop | |||
星宿 Star Mansion |
星 Star |
天相 Celestial premier |
天稷 Celestial cereals |
軒轅 XUANYUAN |
御女(附軒轅) Maids-in-waiting |
內平 High judge | |||||
張宿 Extended net Mansion |
張 Extended net |
天廟 Celestial Temple | |||
翼宿 Wings Mansion |
翼 Wings |
東甌 DONGOU | |||
軫宿 Chariot Mansion |
軫 Chariot |
左轄(附軫宿) Left linchpin |
右轄(附軫宿) Right linchpin |
長沙(附軫宿) CHANGSHA |
青丘 Green hill |
軍門 Military Gate |
土司空 Master of Construction |
器府 House for Musical Instruments |
近南極
近南極有23星官,共130星。因為中國地處北方無法觀測,直至西學傳入才有星官的劃分,因此相較於已有久遠歷史的三垣二十八宿,幾乎沒有什麼爭議。
近南極 the southern circumpolar region | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
海山 Sea and mountain |
十字架 Cross |
馬尾 Horse's tail |
馬腹 Horse's abdomen |
蜜蜂 Bee |
三角形 Triangle |
異雀 Exotic bird |
孔雀 Peacock |
波斯 Persia |
蛇尾 Snake's tail |
蛇腹 Snake's abdomen |
蛇首 Snake's head |
鳥喙 Bird's beak |
鶴 Crane |
火鳥 Firebird |
水委 Crooked running water |
附白 White patches nearby |
夾白 White Patch Attached |
金魚 Goldfish |
海石 Sea rock |
飛魚 Flying fish |
南船 Southern boat |
小斗 Little dipper |
參考文獻
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