東亞語系

東亞語系
東亞語系
假定，研究中
地理分佈	東亞、南亞、東南亞、大洋洲、馬達加斯加
譜系學分類	假定的語言系屬分類
分支	漢藏語系苗瑤語系壯侗語系南島語系南亞語系韓語系（有時包括）日本-琉球語系（有時包括）阿伊努語（有時包括）尼夫赫語（不常包括）楚科奇-勘察加語系（不常包括）
	–
Glottolog	無

東亞語系是美國語言學家帥德樂於2001年提出的超語系。無我後來將這一概念進行了完善。

Quick Facts 東亞語系, 地理分佈 ...

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系屬分類

早期假設[1]

南亞語系、南島語系、壯侗語系、藏緬語族：孔好古 (1916, 1922)^[2]^[3]和Kurt Wulff (1934, 1942)^[4]^[5]
南亞語系、南島語系、壯侗語系、苗瑤語系：白保羅 (1942)、^[6]白樂思 (1996)、^[7]Ilia Peiros (1998)^[8]
南亞語系、南島語系、壯侗語系、藏緬語族、苗瑤語系'：帥德樂 (2001)

東亞語系假設的前提有：

澳台語系 ：施古德 (1901, 1902)、^[9]^[10]許家平(2005)^[11]^[12]
南方大語系 （南亞語系和南島語系）：Wilhelm Schmidt (1906)、^[13]Lawrence Reid (1994, 2005)^[14]^[15]

帥德樂 (2005)

帥德樂(2005)^[16]提出的東亞語系假設包含一個「長江語系」分支，包含南亞語系和苗瑤語系，形成東亞語系。但帥德樂相信，他提出的長江語系是漢藏語系的直接姐妹群，而非南島語系的，後者距離漢藏語系更遠一些。他總結出的原始東亞語是一種雙音節（CVCVC）語言，使用時間距今8千年以上（6500-6000 BCE），由華北平原上裴李崗文化和磁山文化的雜谷種植者使用（漢江、渭河及黃河中游地區）。^[17]

東亞語系
- 南島語系
  - （台灣南島語）
  - 大陸
    - 壯侗語系
    - 馬拉約-波利尼西亞語族
- 漢藏-長江
  - 漢藏語系
  - 長江語系
    - 南亞語系
    - 苗瑤語系

帥德樂(2005)還提出了以下原始東亞語形態詞法詞綴，可見於原始藏緬語和原始南島語，以及尼科巴語族等較保守的南亞語系語言分支中。^[18]

*m(V)- 「在V……」的施事
*-Vn 「在V……」的受事
*sV- 「在V……」的工具
*n(V)- 完成時

無我 (2012)

下面的東亞語系關係樹來自無我在2012年於貝拿勒斯印度教大學舉辦的第18屆喜馬拉雅語言專題討論會上所做的演講。^[1]^[19]

東亞語系
- 澳台語系
  - 壯侗語系
  - 南島語系
- 南亞語系
- 喜馬拉雅-長江語系
  - 跨喜馬拉雅語系
    - 漢-蕃語族
    - 羌緬語群
    - 薩爾語群
    - 工德語等
    - 基蘭特語支等
  - 長江語系
    - 苗瑤語系

據無我所說，東亞語系的語言學證據可以和Y染色體單倍群O的地理分佈相重合。^[20]（更多信息：父系語言假說）

Larish (2006, 2017)

據Michael D. Larish，東南亞和東亞的語言都來自一個共同的祖語（他稱為「原始亞洲語」）。日本-琉球語系和韓語系共同組成原始亞洲語的一支。這個分類單元下還有南島語系、南亞語系、壯侗語系、苗瑤語系和漢藏語系。^[21]^[22]

東亞語系
- 日韓語系
  - 日本-琉球語系
  - 韓語系
- 澳亞語系
  - 南島語系
  - 南亞語系
  - 壯侗語系
  - 苗瑤語系
  - 漢藏語系

詞彙比較

下面是東亞語系五個分支的祖語的基礎詞比較表。

資料來源

原始藏緬語：Matisoff (2015)^[23]
原始苗瑤語：Ratliff (2010)^[24]
原始南亞語：Sidwell & Rau (2015)^[25]
原始南島語：Blust & Trussel (2020)^[26]
原始台語：張高峰 (2009)^[27]
原始黎語：Norquest (2007)^[28]
原始仡央語：許家平 (2000)^[29]

More information 漢藏語系, 苗瑤語系 ...

	漢藏語系	苗瑤語系	南亞語系	南島語系	壯侗語系
詞義	原始藏緬語	原始苗瑤語	原始南亞語	原始南島語	原始台語	原始黎語	原始仡央語
發	*(t)sam	*pljei	suk, sɔːk	*bukeS	*prɤm^A	*hnom	*m-səm^A
目	*s-myak	*mu̯ɛjH	*mat	*maCa	*p.taː^A	*tʃʰaː	*m-ʈa^A
耳	*r/g-na	*mbræu	*-toːr	*Caliŋa	*krwɯː^A	*ljəy	*k-ra^A
鼻	s-na ~ s-naːr	*mbruiH	mɔːh, muːh, *muːs	*ujuŋ	*ɗaŋ^A	*kʰət	*hŋət^D
齒	*s/p-wa	*hmjinʔ	lmVɲ, sraŋ, *p(i)əŋ	lipen, n/ŋipen	*wan^A	*fjən	*l-pən^A
舌	m/s-lay ~ s-ley	*mblet	*lntaːk	Sema, lidam	*liːn^C	*hliːnʔ	*l-ma^A
手	lak ~ C-yak	*-bɔuʔ	*tiːʔ	*kamay	*mwɯː^A	*C-mɯː	*mja^A
骨	*s/m/g-rus	*tshuŋʔ	*cʔaːŋ	*CuqelaN	*C̥.duk^D	*Cuɾɯːk	*dək^D
血	*s-hywəy-t	*ntshjamʔ	saːm, ɟhaːm, *(b/m)haːm	*daRaq	*lɯət^D	*alaːc	*plat^D
肝	*m-sin	*-hri̯ən	kləːm, ris	*qaCay	*tap^D	*ɗəy	*təp^D
肉	*sya-n	原始勉語*ʔa^B	*sac	*Sesi	*n.mɤː^C	*rəmʔ	*ʔaɯ^C
狗	*d-kʷəy-n	'原始苗語*hmaŋ^C	*cɔːʔ	*asu	*ʰmaː^A	*hmaː	*x-ma^A
鳥	*s-ŋak	*m-nɔk	ciːm, ceːm	*manuk 「雞」	*C̬.nok^D	*səc	*ɳok^D
魚	*s-ŋya	*mbrəuʔ	*kaʔ	*Sikan	*plaː^A	*hlaː	*p-la^A
虱	*s-r(y)ik	*ntshjeiʔ	*ciːʔ	*kuCux	*traw^A	*tʃʰwəw	*C-ʈu^A
葉	*lay	原始苗語mblɔŋ^A；原始勉語nɔm^A	*slaʔ	*waSaw	*ɓaɰ^A	*ɓɯː	*ɖiŋ^A
日、天	*s-nəy	原始勉語*hnu̯ɔi^A	*tŋiːʔ	waRi, qajaw	*ŋwan^A	*hŋwən	*(l-/h)wən^A
月	*s/g-la	*hlaH	*khaj	bulaN, qiNaS	*ɓlɯən^A	*C-ɲaːn	*(C-)tjan^A
水	m-t(w)əy-n ~ m-ti-s	*ʔu̯əm	ɗaːk; Pal. ʔoːm	*daNum	*C̬.nam^C	*C-nəmʔ	*ʔuŋ^C
雨	*r/s/g-wa	原始苗語*m-noŋ^C	*gmaʔ	*quzaN	*C̥.wɯn^A	*fun	*jəl^A
火	*mey	*douʔ	ʔuːs, ʔɔːs	*Sapuy	*wɤj^A	*fiː	*pui^A
名	*r-mi(ŋ/n)	*mpɔuH	*-məh	*ŋajan	*ɟɤː^B	*pʰaːŋ	*n(ʒ)i^A
吃	*m-dz(y)a-k/n/t/s	P-Mienic *ɲən^C	*caːʔ	*kaen	*kɯɲ^A	*kʰən	*kan^A
死	*səy	*dəjH	*kceːt	*ma-aCay	*p.taːj^A	*hlaːwɦ	*pɣon^A
我	ŋa-y ~ ka	原始苗語*kɛŋ^B	*ʔaɲ	-ku	*kuː^A	*ɦuː	*ku^A
你	*na-ŋ	*mu̯ei	*miːʔ	-mu	*mɯŋ^A	*C-mɯː	*mə^A/B

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分佈

漢藏語系的分佈
壯侗語系的分佈
南亞語系的分佈
苗瑤語系的分佈
南島語系的分佈
韓語系的分佈
日本-琉球語系的分佈
阿伊努語的分佈
尼夫赫語的分佈
楚科奇-勘察加語系的分佈

另見

註釋與參考

[1]
van Driem, George. 2013. "East Asian ethnolinguistic phylogeography 互聯網檔案館的存檔，存檔日期2019-04-29.", Bulletin of Chinese Linguistics, 7 (1): 135-188.
[2]
Conrady, August. 1916. Eine merkw rdige Beziehung zwischen den austrischen und den indochinesischen Sprachen. Aufsätze zur Kultur- und Sprachgeschichte vornehmlich des Orients: Ernst Kuhn zum 70. Geburtstage am 7. Februar 1916 gewidmet von Freunden und Schülern, 475-504. München: Verlag von M. & H. Marcus.
[3]
Conrady, August. 1922. Neue austrisch-indochinesische Parallelen. Asia Major: Hirth Anniversary Volume, 23-66. London: Robsthan and Company.
[4]
Wulff, Kurt. 1934. Chinesisch und Tai: Sprachvergleichende Untersuchungen. Copenhagen: Levin & Munksgaard.
[5]
Wulff, Kurt. 1942 [posthumous]. Über das Verhältnis des Malay-Polynesischen zum Indochinesischen. Copenhagen: Munksgaard.
[6]
Benedict, Paul King. 1942. Thai, Kadai and Indonesia: A new alignment in southeastern Asia. American Anthropologist 44:576-601.
[7]
Blust, Robert. 1996. Beyond the Austronesian homeland: The Austric hypothesis and its implications for archaeology. Prehistoric Settlement of the Pacific, ed. by Ward H. Goodenough, 117-160. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society.
[8]
Peiros, Ilia. 1998. Comparative Linguistics in Southeast Asia. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.
[9]
Schlegel, Gustave. 1901. Review: 『Elements of Siamese Grammar by O. Frankfurter, Ph.D., Bangkok: Printed at the American Presbyterian Mission Press, Leipzig, Karl W. Hiersemann, 1900』. T'oung Pao (Série II), II:76-87.
[10]
Schlegel, Gustave. 1902. Siamese Studies. T'oung Pao, New Series II, Volume II, Supplement. Leiden.
[11]
Ostapirat, Weera. 2005. Kra-Dai and Austronesian: Notes on phonological correspondences and vocabulary distribution. The Peopling of East Asia: Putting Together Archaeology, Linguistics and Genetics, ed. by Laurent Sagart, Roger Blench and Alicia Sanchez-Mazas, 107-131. London: Routledge Curzon.
[12]
Ostapirat, Weera. 2013. Austro-Tai revisited. 23rd Annual Meeting of the Southeast Asian Linguistic Society, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 29 May 2013.
[13]
Schmidt, Wilhelm. 1906. Die Mon-Khmer Völker, ein Bindeglied zwischen Völkern Zentral-Asiens und Austronesiens. Archiv für Anthropologie Neue Folge V:59-109.
[14]
Reid, Lawrence A. 1994. Morphological evidence for Austric. Oceanic Linguistics 33.2:323-344.
[15]
Reid, Lawrence A. 2005. The current status of Austric: a review and evaluation of the lexical and morphosyntactic evidence. The Peopling of East Asia: Putting Together Archaeology, Linguistics and Genetics, ed. by Laurent Sagart, Roger Blench and Alicia Sanchez-Mazas, 132-160. London: Routledge Curzon, London.
[16]
帥德樂於2002年7月18日逝世，他的遺稿寫於2001年，出版於2005年。
[17]
Starosta, Stanley. Proto-East Asian and the origin and dispersal of languages of east and southeast Asia and the Pacific. Sagart, Laurent; Blench, Roger; Sanchez-Mazas, Alicia (編). The Peopling of East Asia: Putting Together Archaeology, Linguistics and Genetics. London: Routledge Curzon. 2005: 182–197. ISBN 978-0-415-32242-3.
[18]
Reid, Lawrence A. Morphological evidence for Austric (PDF). Oceanic Linguistics. 1994, 33 (2): 323–344 [2020-08-10]. JSTOR i285831. doi:10.2307/3623132. hdl:10125/32987 . （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2017-08-15）.
[19]
van Driem, George. 2016. "The Eastern Himalayan corridor in prehistory 互聯網檔案館的存檔，存檔日期2018-10-09.", pp. 467-524, Vol. II in Elena Nikolaevna Kolpačkova, ed., Проблемы китайского и общего языкознания — Problems in Chinese and General Linguistics. St. Petersburg: Izdatel’stvo Studija « NP-Print ».
[20]
van Driem, George. 2018. "The East Asian linguistic phylum: A reconstruction based on language and genes 互聯網檔案館的存檔，存檔日期2021-01-10.", Journal of the Asiatic Society, LX (4): 1-38.
[21]
Larish, Michael D. Possible Proto-Asian Archaic Residue and the Statigraphy of Diffusional Cumulation in Austro-Asian Languages (PDF). Tenth International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics. January 2006 [2019-01-07]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2019-01-08）.
[22]
Larish, Michael. 2017. Proto-Asian and its branches: An archeolinguistic approach for the history of Eastern Asia. Linguistic Society of the Philippines.
[23]
Matisoff, James A. 2015. The Sino-Tibetan Etymological Dictionary and Thesaurus 互聯網檔案館的存檔，存檔日期2020-10-23.. Berkeley: University of California. (PDF 互聯網檔案館的存檔，存檔日期2020-02-02.)
[24]
Ratliff, Martha. 2010. Hmong–Mien language history. Canberra, Australia: Pacific Linguistics. ISBN 0-85883-615-7.
[25]
Sidwell, Paul and Felix Rau (2015). "Austroasiatic Comparative-Historical Reconstruction: An Overview." In Jenny, Mathias and Paul Sidwell, eds (2015). The Handbook of Austroasiatic Languages. Leiden: Brill.
[26]
Blust, Robert; Trussel, Stephen. Austronesian Comparative Dictionary, web edition. 2020-06-21 [November 10, 2020]. （原始內容存檔於2020-08-06）.
[27]
Pittayaporn, Pittayawat. 2009. The Phonology of Proto-Tai. Ph.D. dissertation. Department of Linguistics, Cornell University.
[28]
Norquest, Peter K. 2007. A Phonological Reconstruction of Proto-Hlai 互聯網檔案館的存檔，存檔日期2016-03-03.. Ph.D. dissertation. Tucson: Department of Anthropology, University of Arizona.
[29]
Ostapirat, Weera. 2000. "Proto-Kra 互聯網檔案館的存檔，存檔日期2020-11-12.." Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area 23 (1): 1-251.

外部連結

Papers on the East Asian languages by George van Driem （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）

[GvD2013-1] [1]
van Driem, George. 2013. "East Asian ethnolinguistic phylogeography 互聯網檔案館的存檔，存檔日期2019-04-29.", Bulletin of Chinese Linguistics, 7 (1): 135-188.

[2] [2]
Conrady, August. 1916. Eine merkw rdige Beziehung zwischen den austrischen und den indochinesischen Sprachen. Aufsätze zur Kultur- und Sprachgeschichte vornehmlich des Orients: Ernst Kuhn zum 70. Geburtstage am 7. Februar 1916 gewidmet von Freunden und Schülern, 475-504. München: Verlag von M. & H. Marcus.

[3] [3]
Conrady, August. 1922. Neue austrisch-indochinesische Parallelen. Asia Major: Hirth Anniversary Volume, 23-66. London: Robsthan and Company.

[4] [4]
Wulff, Kurt. 1934. Chinesisch und Tai: Sprachvergleichende Untersuchungen. Copenhagen: Levin & Munksgaard.

[5] [5]
Wulff, Kurt. 1942 [posthumous]. Über das Verhältnis des Malay-Polynesischen zum Indochinesischen. Copenhagen: Munksgaard.

[6] [6]
Benedict, Paul King. 1942. Thai, Kadai and Indonesia: A new alignment in southeastern Asia. American Anthropologist 44:576-601.

[7] [7]
Blust, Robert. 1996. Beyond the Austronesian homeland: The Austric hypothesis and its implications for archaeology. Prehistoric Settlement of the Pacific, ed. by Ward H. Goodenough, 117-160. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society.

[8] [8]
Peiros, Ilia. 1998. Comparative Linguistics in Southeast Asia. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.

[9] [9]
Schlegel, Gustave. 1901. Review: 『Elements of Siamese Grammar by O. Frankfurter, Ph.D., Bangkok: Printed at the American Presbyterian Mission Press, Leipzig, Karl W. Hiersemann, 1900』. T'oung Pao (Série II), II:76-87.

[10] [10]
Schlegel, Gustave. 1902. Siamese Studies. T'oung Pao, New Series II, Volume II, Supplement. Leiden.

[11] [11]
Ostapirat, Weera. 2005. Kra-Dai and Austronesian: Notes on phonological correspondences and vocabulary distribution. The Peopling of East Asia: Putting Together Archaeology, Linguistics and Genetics, ed. by Laurent Sagart, Roger Blench and Alicia Sanchez-Mazas, 107-131. London: Routledge Curzon.

[12] [12]
Ostapirat, Weera. 2013. Austro-Tai revisited. 23rd Annual Meeting of the Southeast Asian Linguistic Society, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 29 May 2013.

[13] [13]
Schmidt, Wilhelm. 1906. Die Mon-Khmer Völker, ein Bindeglied zwischen Völkern Zentral-Asiens und Austronesiens. Archiv für Anthropologie Neue Folge V:59-109.

[14] [14]
Reid, Lawrence A. 1994. Morphological evidence for Austric. Oceanic Linguistics 33.2:323-344.

[15] [15]
Reid, Lawrence A. 2005. The current status of Austric: a review and evaluation of the lexical and morphosyntactic evidence. The Peopling of East Asia: Putting Together Archaeology, Linguistics and Genetics, ed. by Laurent Sagart, Roger Blench and Alicia Sanchez-Mazas, 132-160. London: Routledge Curzon, London.

[16] [16]
帥德樂於2002年7月18日逝世，他的遺稿寫於2001年，出版於2005年。

[Origin-17] [17]
Starosta, Stanley. Proto-East Asian and the origin and dispersal of languages of east and southeast Asia and the Pacific. Sagart, Laurent; Blench, Roger; Sanchez-Mazas, Alicia (編). The Peopling of East Asia: Putting Together Archaeology, Linguistics and Genetics. London: Routledge Curzon. 2005: 182–197. ISBN 978-0-415-32242-3.

[18] [18]
Reid, Lawrence A. Morphological evidence for Austric (PDF). Oceanic Linguistics. 1994, 33 (2): 323–344 [2020-08-10]. JSTOR i285831. doi:10.2307/3623132. hdl:10125/32987 . （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2017-08-15）.

[19] [19]
van Driem, George. 2016. "The Eastern Himalayan corridor in prehistory 互聯網檔案館的存檔，存檔日期2018-10-09.", pp. 467-524, Vol. II in Elena Nikolaevna Kolpačkova, ed., Проблемы китайского и общего языкознания — Problems in Chinese and General Linguistics. St. Petersburg: Izdatel’stvo Studija « NP-Print ».

[20] [20]
van Driem, George. 2018. "The East Asian linguistic phylum: A reconstruction based on language and genes 互聯網檔案館的存檔，存檔日期2021-01-10.", Journal of the Asiatic Society, LX (4): 1-38.

[21] [21]
Larish, Michael D. Possible Proto-Asian Archaic Residue and the Statigraphy of Diffusional Cumulation in Austro-Asian Languages (PDF). Tenth International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics. January 2006 [2019-01-07]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2019-01-08）.

[22] [22]
Larish, Michael. 2017. Proto-Asian and its branches: An archeolinguistic approach for the history of Eastern Asia. Linguistic Society of the Philippines.

[23] [23]
Matisoff, James A. 2015. The Sino-Tibetan Etymological Dictionary and Thesaurus 互聯網檔案館的存檔，存檔日期2020-10-23.. Berkeley: University of California. (PDF 互聯網檔案館的存檔，存檔日期2020-02-02.)

[24] [24]
Ratliff, Martha. 2010. Hmong–Mien language history. Canberra, Australia: Pacific Linguistics. ISBN 0-85883-615-7.

[25] [25]
Sidwell, Paul and Felix Rau (2015). "Austroasiatic Comparative-Historical Reconstruction: An Overview." In Jenny, Mathias and Paul Sidwell, eds (2015). The Handbook of Austroasiatic Languages. Leiden: Brill.

[ACD-26] [26]
Blust, Robert; Trussel, Stephen. Austronesian Comparative Dictionary, web edition. 2020-06-21 [November 10, 2020]. （原始內容存檔於2020-08-06）.

[27] [27]
Pittayaporn, Pittayawat. 2009. The Phonology of Proto-Tai. Ph.D. dissertation. Department of Linguistics, Cornell University.

[28] [28]
Norquest, Peter K. 2007. A Phonological Reconstruction of Proto-Hlai 互聯網檔案館的存檔，存檔日期2016-03-03.. Ph.D. dissertation. Tucson: Department of Anthropology, University of Arizona.

[29] [29]
Ostapirat, Weera. 2000. "Proto-Kra 互聯網檔案館的存檔，存檔日期2020-11-12.." Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area 23 (1): 1-251.

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