康維爾是一家美國的飛行器和火箭製造商。於1943年伏爾提飛機公司和聯合飛機公司併購時成立，之後生產了一系列領先於時代的飛機，如B-36轟炸機 ，F-102戰鬥機和F-106戰鬥機等。康維爾也負責製造了第一枚擎天神火箭，用於水星計劃。 The company's subsequent Atlas-Centaur design continued this success and derivatives of the design remain in use as of 2010. In 1994 most of the company's divisions were sold by then-owners 通用動力公司 to 麥道公司和洛歇公司, with the remaining components deactivated in 1996.
成立
The Consolidated Vultee Aircraft Corporation, whose name was in the course of time changed to Convair, the Convair Corporation and similar names, was an American aircraft, rocket, and spacecraft company for the design, development, and manufacturing of such high-technology aerospace products, and/or sub-units of them, or else a subsidiary of a larger corporation. It existed as a company from 1943 until 1994, although the Consolidated Aircraft company had existed before that, and had produced aircraft that were important in the early years of 第二次世界大戰, especially the PBY Catalina for the 美國海軍, theRoyal Canadian Air Force, the British flying forces, and some others. The Catalina remained in production through May 1945, and a total of over 4,000 of them were built. What was soon to be called "Convair" (first unofficially, and then officially), was created in 1943 by the merger of the Consolidated Aircraft Company and the Vultee Aircraft Company. This merger produced a largeairplane company of that time period, though still smaller than the giants like 道格拉斯公司,波音, and Lockheed. Convair always had most of its research, design, and manufacturing operations inSan Diego County of Southern California, and nearby counties, though other locations were involved, as well.
從噴射時代到太空時代
1953年3月，all of the Convair company was bought by the 通用動力, a conglomerate of military and high-technology companies, and it became officially the Convair Division within General Dynamics.[1]
After the beginning of the Jet Age of military fighters and bombers, Convair was a pioneer of the delta-winged aircraft design, along with the French 達索航天 aircraft company, which designed and built the Mirage fighter planes.
One of Convair's most famous products was the 10-engined Convair B-36 strategic bomber, burning four turbojets & turning six pusher props driven by Pratt & Whitney R-4360 Wasp Major radial piston engines. The Convair B-36 was the largest landbased piston engined bomber in the world. The Atlas missile, the F-102 Delta Dagger and F-106 Delta Dart delta-winged interceptors, and the delta-winged B-58 Hustler supersonic intercontinental nuclear bomber were all Convair products. For a period of time in the 1960s, Convair manufactured its own line of jet commercial airliners, the Convair 880 and Convair 990, but this did not turn out to be a profitable business. However, Convair found that it was profitable to become an aviation subcontractor and to manufacture large subsections of airliners, such as fuselages for the larger airliner companies, McDonnell Douglas, Boeing, and Lockheed.
The Convair Division produced its own airplane designs, such as several airliners, until 1965, when it shifted from these toairframe/aerostructure subcontracting projects for other companies. Convair also shifted more money and effort into its outer space products, especially rocket boosters. The Convair-made and cryogenically-fueled 擎天神導彈 ICBM for the U.S. Air Force had within just a handful of years become obsolete, and had been replaced by the room-temperature liquid-fueled Titan II missile and the solid-fueled Minuteman missile.
Convair worked hard to make its Atlas rocket product into a very reliable space booster rocket, especially when combined with theCentaur upper stage to form the Atlas-Centaur rocket for launching geosynchronous communication satellites and space probes. The Centaur rocket was also designed, developed, and produced by Convair, and it was the first widely-used outer space rocket to use the all-cryogenic fuel-oxidizer combination of liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen. The use of this liquid hydrogen - liquid oxygen combination in the Centaur was an important direct precursor to the use of the same fuel-oxidizer combination in the Saturn S-II second stage and the Saturn S-IVB third stage of the gigantic 農神5號 moon rocket of the太陽神計劃. The S-IVB had earlier also been used as the second stage of the smaller Saturn IB rocket, such as the one which was used to launch 太陽神7號. The Centaur upper stage was first designed and developed for launching the Surveyor lunar landers, beginning in 1966, to augment the delta-V of the Atlas rockets and give them enough payload capability to deliver the required mass of the Surveyors to the Moon.
More than 100 Convair-produced Atlas-Centaur rockets (including those with their successor designations) were used to successfully launch over 100 satellites, and among their many other outer space missions, they launched the 先驅者10號和先驅者11號深空探測器。 space probes, the first two to be launched on trajectories that carried them out of the 太陽系.
In addition to aircraft, missiles and space vehicles, Convair developed the large Charactron vacuum tubes, which were the precursors of modern cathode ray tube (CRT) computer displays,[2] and to give an example of a minor product, the CORDIC algorithms, which is widely used today to calculate trigonometric functions in calculators,field-programmable gate arrays, and other small electronic systems.
Dissolution
In 1994, the General Dynamics Corporation split and sold the original Convair Division, along with other General Dynamics aerospace units that had been swept into it over the decades. The airframe/aerostructures manufacturing company and the space boosters company (both mostly in California) were sold to the McDonnell Douglas Corporation. The Fort Worth, Texas factory and its associated engineering locations and laboratories - which had been previously used for the manufacture of hundreds of General DynamicsF-111戰鬥轟炸機 fighter-bombers and F-16 Fighting Falcon fighters for the U.S. Air Force, along with dozens of smaller projects- were sold, along with all intellectual property and the legal rights to the products that were being designed and built within, to the Lockheed Corporation. In 1996, General Dynamics deactivated all of the remaining legal entities of the Convair Division.
大事記
Due to name changes and acquisitions over the years it is often difficult to sort out the exact sequence of events. In order to clarify things, the following timeline was created by consulting a variety of sources to resolve discrepancies.
- 1923 Consolidated Aircraft Corporation formed by Major Ruben Fleet
- 1929 Aviation Corporation (AVCO) holding company formed by multiple participants
- 1932 Airplane Development Corporation formed by Gerard F. "Jerry" Vultee; Errett Lobban Cord soon takes it over
- 1934 AVCO acquired the Airplane Development Corporation from Cord and formed the Aviation Manufacturing Corporation (AMC)
- 1936 AMC liquidated to form the Vultee Aircraft Division, an autonomous subsidiary of AVCO
- 1939 Vultee Aircraft Division of AVCO reorganized as an independent company known as Vultee Aircraft, Inc.
- 1941 Consolidated Aircraft Corporation sold to AVCO
- 1943 Consolidated-Vultee, also known as Convair, formed by the merger of Consolidated Aircraft and Vultee Aircraft; still controlled by AVCO
- 1947 Convair acquired by the Atlas Corporation
- 1947 AVCO name changed to Avco Manufacturing Corporation
- 1953 or 1954 Convair acquired by General Dynamics
- 1959 Avco Manufacturing Corporation name changed to Avco Corporation
- 1985 Avco Corporation acquired by Textron
- 1985 General Dynamics formed the Space Systems Division from the Convair Space Program
- 1994 Space Systems Division sold to Martin Marietta
- 1994 Convair Aircraft Structures unit sold to McDonnell Douglas
The above timeline was based on the following sources:
- Textron Lycoming Turbine Engine, a Company History of AVCO and Lycoming/Textron
- Avco Financial Services, Inc. from the Lehman Brothers Collection - Twentieth Century Business Archives
- Consolidated Vultee Aircraft Corporation, U.S. Centennial of Flight Commission
- General Dynamics Corporation, U.S. Centennial of Flight Commission
- Central Manufacturing Co. of Connersville, Indiana, a history of Cord, AVCO, and others
產品
- Vultee XA-41 (1944)
- Convair XB-53 (1945)
- Convair B-36 Peacemaker (1946)
- Stinson 108 (1946)
- Convair Model 118 ConvAirCar (1947)
- Convair CV-240 (1947)
- Convair CV-340
- Convair CV-440 Metropolitan
- Convair C-131 Samaritan
- Convair T-29
- R4Y Samaritan
- Convair CV-540 (1955)
- Convair CV-580
- Convair CV-600 (1965)
- Convair CV-660
- Convair CV5800
- CL-66
- Convair XB-46 (1947)
- Convair XC-99 (1947)
- Convair XF-92 (1948)
- R3Y Tradewind (1950)
- Convair X-6 (1951)
- Convair YB-60 (1952)
- F-102 Delta Dagger (1953)
- F2Y Sea Dart (1953)
- Convair XFY Pogo (1954)
- Convair P6Y (1955)
- B-58 Hustler (1956)
- F-106 Delta Dart (1956)
- Convair 880 jet airliner (1959)
- Convair KINGFISH (1959)
- Convair 990 Coronado jet airliner (1961)
- Convair Model 48 Charger (1964)
- Convair Model 49 (1967-project)
Note: U.S. Air Force and U.S. Navy aircraft designations that begin with "X" are merely experimental models of aircraft only made in small numbers. Military aircraft designations that begin with "Y" are developmental models made in small batches, which may or may not have subsequently entered large-scale production.
In the former designation system the Navy and the Marine Corps used, a final letter of "Y" identified a Convair or a Consolidated product, such as the PBY-5 flying boat.
- MX-774 (1948)
- RIM-2 Terrier (1951)
- XGAM-71 Buck Duck (1955)
- Pye Wacket (1957)
- Convair X-11 (1957)
- Convair X-12 (1958)
- SM-65 Atlas The Atlas ICBM Air Force missile (1957)
- FIM-43 Redeye (1960)
- Atlas rocket The Atlas civilian space booster
- Centaur
- Atlas-Centaur and its successor-designations, all of which combined an Atlas booster with a Centaur upper stage - a civilian rocket to launch spacecraft to outer space. Not calling all of them "Atlas-Centaurs" is something of an exercise in semantic hair-splitting. Altogether, well-over 100 of these have been launched
參考資料
外部連結
普惠R-4360
設計開發
裝備機型
改型
性能諸元
參見
參考資料
外部連結
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