Keithley, Joseph F. Daniell Cell. John Wiley and Sons. 1999: 49–51. ISBN 0-7803-1193-0. Milestones:Volta's Electrical Battery Invention, 1799. IEEE Global
k e qq ′ r 2 {\displaystyle F=k_{e}{qq' \over r^{2}}} ; 其中, F {\displaystyle F} 是作用力, k e {\displaystyle k_{e}} 是庫侖常數, q {\displaystyle q} 與 q ′ {\displaystyle
Topic IEEE Conference (INMIC 2001) - Technology for the 21st Century. ISBN 0-7803-7406-1. pp. 216–22 Ahmed, S. (1990). Library Muqtadra Qaumi Zaban: An Introduction
Magnetic Measurements: From 500 B.C. to the 1940s. IEEE Press. 1999. ISBN 0-7803-1193-0. Florian Cajori. A History of Physics in Its Elementary Branches: