但是,2003年,伯明翰學派學者斯圖亞特·霍爾的文集《表徵:文化表象與意指實踐》(Representations: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices)簡體中文譯本出版。譯者徐亮與陸興選用了「表徵」一詞。譯者指出霍爾的「representation」有兩種意思:
皮爾士說,為了知道一個符號指涉的是什麼,頭腦需要對符號對象的某種體驗,在給定符號或符號系統之外的體驗,以及與之相伴隨的體驗。因此,他談到了附隨經驗、附隨觀察、附隨熟知,所有這些都使用了幾乎相同的術語。[19]例如,藝術作品既可以利用觀眾體驗的豐富性,也可以利用觀眾體驗的局限性;一位小說家在撰寫影射小說(英語:roman à clef)時,會假定一般讀者沒有親身接觸過小說中描繪的真實人物。然後,讀者以慣常的方式將符號和解釋項指向小說所(有意或無意)表現的對象。無論怎樣,對象(無論是性質、事實或規律,甚至是虛構的)都通過人們與對象的附隨經驗來決定符號指向的解釋項,附隨經驗中對象是新發現的或被回憶起來的,即使它是與符號所喚起的想像中的對象的經驗,這種情況不僅在虛構作品中會發生,在理論和數學中也會發生,這一切都可能涉及在特定的規則和約束下對對象進行心理實驗。通過附隨經驗,即使是和某個不在場對象偶然地相似的符號,也會受到該對象的決定。
瑞士語言學家索緒爾(Ferdinand de Saussure,1857–1913)在符號學的發展中發揮了重要作用,他認為語言是一種符號系統,需要理解這些符號系統才能充分理解語言學的過程。[29]符號學研究考察人類用來表達感情、想法、思想和意識形態的符號和表徵類型。[30]儘管符號學通常以文本分析的形式使用,但它也涉及表徵研究和表徵過程。
Mitchell, W. 1995, "Representation", in F Lentricchia & T McLaughlin (eds), Critical Terms for Literary Study, 2nd edn, University of Chicago Press, Chicago
Manfredo Tafuri 著, 陳志梧 譯. 新“君士坦丁堡”——人文主義時期(1450-1509)威尼斯的“革新”表徵(The "New Constantinople": The Representation of the "Renovation" in Venice during the Humanism (1450-1509)). 夏鑄九 (編). 空間的文化形式與社會理論讀本. 台北: 明文書局. 1988: 173–199.
On his classifications, see Peirce, C.S. (1903), CP 1.180–202 Eprint互聯網檔案館的存檔,存檔日期2011-11-05. and (1906) "The Basis of Pragmaticism" in The Essential Peirce 2:372–3. For the relevant quotes, see "Philosophy" and "Logic" at Commens Dictionary of Peirce's Terms (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館), Bergman and Paavola, editors, U. of Helsinki.
Peirce, C.S., 1882, "Introductory Lecture on the Study of Logic" delivered September 1882, Johns Hopkins University Circulars, vol. 2, no. 19, pp. 11–12, November 1892, Google Book SearchEprint. Reprinted in Collected Papers of Charles Sanders Peirce v. 7, paragraphs 59–76, The Essential Peirce 1:214–214; Writings of Charles S. Peirce 4:378–382.
Peirce, C.S. (1878) "The Doctrine of Chances", Popular Science Monthly, v. 12, pp. 604–615, 1878, reprinted in Collected Papers of Charles Sanders Peirce, v. 2, paragraphs 645–668, Writings of Charles S. Peirce 3:276–290, and The Essential Peirce 1:142–154. "...death makes the number of our risks, the number of our inferences, finite, and so makes their mean result uncertain. The very idea of probability and of reasoning rests on the assumption that this number is indefinitely great. .... ...logicality inexorably requires that our interests shall not be limited. .... Logic is rooted in the social principle."
Peirce, C. S. (written 1902), "MS L75: Logic, Regarded As Semeiotic (The Carnegie application of 1902): Version 1: An Integrated Reconstruction", Joseph Ransdell, ed., Arisbe, see Memoir 12 (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館).
Peirce, C.S. (1868), "Questions Concerning Certain Faculties Claimed for Man" (ArisbeEprint (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館)), Journal of Speculative Philosophy vol. 2, pp. 103–114. Reprinted (Collected Papers of Charles Sanders Peirce, v. 5, paragraphs 213–263, the quote is from paragraph 253).
Ten quotes on collateral observation from Peirce provided by Professor Joseph Ransdell can be viewed here. Also see pp. 404–409 in "Pragmatism" by Peirce in The Essential Peirce v. 2.
Peirce (1903 MS), "Nomenclature and Divisions of Triadic Relations, as Far as They Are Determined", under other titles in Collected Papers (CP) v. 2, paragraphs 233–72, and reprinted under the original title in Essential Peirce (EP) v. 2, pp. 289–99. Also see image of MS 339 (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館) (August 7, 1904) supplied to peirce-l by Bernard Morand (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館) of the Institut Universitaire de Technologie (France), Département Informatique.
See Collected Papers of Charles Sanders Peirce, v. 2, paragraphs 254–263, reprinted in Philosophical Writings of Peircepp. 115–118, and in The Essential Peirce v. 2, pp. 294–296.
Lentricchia, F. & McLaughlin,T (eds.), Critical Terms for Literary Study, University of Chicago Press, London, 1990.
Klarer, M, An Introduction to Literary Studies, Routledge, London, 1998.
Mitchell, W, "Representation", in F Lentricchia & T McLaughlin (eds), Critical Terms for Literary Study, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1990.
Mitchell, W, "Representation", in F Lentricchia & T McLaughlin (eds), Critical Terms for Literary Study, 2nd edn, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1995.
Mitchell, W, Picture Theory, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1994.
Murfin, R & Ray, S.M, The Bedford Glossary of Critical and Literary Terms, Bedford Books, Boston, 1997.
O'Shaughnessy, M & Stadler J, Media and Society: an Introduction, 3rd edn, Oxford University Press, South Melbourne, 2005. (ISBN978-0-19-551402-5)
Prendergast, C, "Circulating Representations: New Historicism and the Poetics of Culture", Substance: The Review of Theory and Literary Criticism, no. 28, issue 1, pp. 90–105, 1999, (online Humanities International Complete)
Ryder, M, Semiotics: Language and Culture, 2004, viewed 6 April 2006 [4] (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館).
Shook, J, The Pragmatism Cybrary: Charles Morris, in The Pragmatism Cybrary, 2005, viewed 24 April 2006 [5] (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館).
Vukcevich, M, Representation, The University of Chicago, 2002, viewed 7 April 2006.