美利堅邦聯國陸軍

邦聯陸軍
邦聯陸軍
	南軍戰旗; 「南方十字旗」
存在時期	1861–1865
國家或地區	美利堅聯盟國
種類	陸軍
規模	合計服役人數1,082,119 1863年鼎盛期有464,646名士兵;
直屬	邦聯戰爭部
專用顏色	(軍灰色/軍服灰)
進行曲	"迪克西"
參與戰役	北美印第安戰爭 Cortina Troubles（英語：Cortina Troubles）; ; 美國南北戰爭桑特堡戰役; 第一次馬納沙斯之役; 威爾遜克里克戰役; Forts Henry（英語：Battle of Fort Henry）和唐奈爾森堡之役; 謝南多亞河; 南米爾斯之役; Richmond（英語：Battle of Richmond）; Harpers Ferry（英語：Battle of Harpers Ferry）; Munfordville（英語：Battle of Munfordville）; 謝潑德鎮戰役; Chambersburg Raid（英語：Chambersburg Raid）; Mississippi River（英語：Mississippi River campaigns in the American Civil War）; 維珍尼亞半島會戰; 夏羅之役; 河谷會戰; 第二次馬納沙斯之役; 南山之戰; 安提塔姆之役; 赫斯維爾之役; 弗雷德里克堡之役; 斯通河之戰; 錢瑟勒斯維爾之役; 葛底斯堡之役; 維克斯堡攻城戰; Corydon（英語：Battle of Corydon）; 奇卡莫加之役; 查塔努加; 莽原之役; 阿特蘭大會戰; 史波特斯凡尼亞郡府戰役; Sabine Pass（英語：Second Battle of Sabine Pass）; New Hope Church（英語：Battle of New Hope Church）; Pickett's Mill（英語：Battle of Pickett's Mill）; 冷泉港之役; 普利茅斯之役; 枕頭堡之戰; 彼得斯堡攻城戰; 聖奧爾本斯; Kennesaw Mountain（英語：Battle of Kennesaw Mountain）; Jonesborough（英語：Battle of Jonesborough）; Franklin（英語：Battle of Franklin (1864)）; Nashville（英語：Battle of Nashville）; ; Appomattox Court House（英語：Battle of Appomattox Court House）;
指揮官
最高統帥	傑弗遜·戴維斯 (末任)
總指揮官	羅伯特·E·李 (末任)

美利堅邦聯國陸軍（Confederate State Army），即美國南北戰爭(美國內戰 1861–1865)時期南方邦聯方面陸軍，亦稱邦聯軍（Confederate Army）、南軍（Southern Army）。在美國南北戰爭期間，邦聯軍主要與北方聯邦軍作戰^[3]，最高目標是擊敗聯邦軍並爭取美利堅邦聯成為一個獨立的國家。

Quick Facts 邦聯陸軍, 存在時期 ...

Close

1861年2月28日，臨時性的邦聯議會授予美利堅邦聯總統傑弗遜·戴維斯徵召和集結南方志願軍以及擬定作戰計劃的權利。戴維斯本人畢業於西點軍校，美墨戰爭中曾在美國志願軍中擔任一個團的上校。邦聯的軍事統帥幾乎全屬合眾國海陸軍退役軍人。他們辭去合眾國政府中之職務而轉任於邦聯軍方高級職位。邦聯軍官則大多由南方名流組成，校級與尉軍官多為16至28歲的白人男性，而校級以下的軍官由邦聯依徵召順位選出。雖說邦聯並未設立陸軍官校，南方許多大學（如維吉尼亞軍校）的官校生團在戰爭爆發後成為南方軍事統帥的種子力量。

由於邦聯的記錄不完整或被破壞的原因，現在已不可能準確地計算邦聯軍隊中服役的總人數。但大致估計上，邦聯軍士兵的人數在75至100萬之間；而這不包括數量不明的在驅使下被迫執行例如建造防禦工事、駕駛馬車等各類軍事任務的奴隸人數^[4]。這個數字是對戰爭期間任何時候服役過的南方士兵的總數估計，因此並不能代表任何給定日期時的軍隊人數，也不包括在邦聯海軍服役的士兵。至戰事後期，連12歲的小男孩也加入戰鬥。另一方面，邦聯甚至曾倡議組成全由黑人組成的軍團，並打算通過議案讓志願為邦聯服役的奴隸們獲得自由。

經管大多數南北戰爭中的士兵都屬志願役，1862年後交戰雙方都開始對國內男性民眾推行徵召兵役制--主要是為了在徵兵登記後，鼓勵民眾志願服役。儘管沒有詳細的資料記載，但邦聯軍中徵召士兵的佔比大約是聯邦軍6%這一數字的兩倍^[5]。南方的傷亡記錄亦不完整或被破壞，因此只有大致估計的數字：94,000名戰鬥中戰死或受致命傷，164,000名因疾病導致的的非戰鬥減員，以及31,000名死於北方所設戰俘營內的南方士兵。這仍不包括估計因事故等原因導致的數千名非戰鬥減員^[6]。

在1865年4月逃離首都列治文後，邦聯政府在事實上已經完全瓦解，政府首腦也已無法指揮邦聯軍隊。邦聯軍的主要組成力量，羅伯特·E·李指揮的北維珍尼亞軍團在1865年4月9日投降（4月12日正式投降）；而剩餘由約瑟夫·E·約翰斯通指揮的田納西軍團等一系列殘餘邦聯軍隊主要陸軍力量在1865年4月18日投降（4月26日正式投降）。其它邦聯陸軍在1865年4月16日至6月28日期間陸續向美利堅合眾國陸軍投降^[7]。李和約翰斯通的投降事實上宣告了邦聯的滅亡。戰爭期間，超過100,000名邦聯軍士兵逃離軍隊^[8]，有甚者估計有高達三分之一的邦聯軍士兵逃亡^[9]。

軍事領袖

羅伯特·李（維珍尼亞）-陸軍統帥
阿爾伯特·西德尼·約翰斯頓（英語：Albert Sidney Johnston）（肯塔基）-將軍
約瑟夫·E·約翰斯頓（維珍尼亞）-將軍
布拉克斯頓·布拉格（英語：Braxton Bragg）（北卡羅萊納）-將軍
P·G·T·博雷加德（路易斯安那）-將軍
薩繆爾·庫珀（英語：Samuel Cooper (general)）（新澤西）-將軍（參謀長、陸軍高階將領）
詹姆斯·隆史崔特（南卡羅萊納）-中將
石牆積遜（維珍尼亞）-中將
安布羅斯·鮑威爾·希爾（維珍尼亞）-中將
具伯·爾利（維珍尼亞）-中將
約翰·貝爾·胡德（英語：John Bell Hood）（德薩斯）-中將
韋德·漢普頓（英語：Wade Hampton III）（南卡羅萊納）中將
內森·貝德福德·福雷斯特（田納西）-中將
詹姆斯·尤厄爾·布朗·斯圖爾特（維珍尼亞）-少將
愛德華·波特·亞歷山大（喬治亞）-準將
李察·加耐特（維珍尼亞）-準將
路易斯·亞米斯德（維珍尼亞）-準將
威廉·亞爾內爾·史萊克（西部）-準將
萊奧尼達斯·波爾克（英語：Leonidas Polk）（田納西及路易斯安那）-主教、將軍

註釋與參考文獻

[1]
Civil War Facts. American Battlefield Trust. August 16, 2011 [2020-02-15]. （原始內容存檔於2021-05-03）.
[2]
C.S. War Dept., p. 402.
[3]
On February 8, 1861, delegates from the first seven Deep South slave states which had already declared their secession from the Union of the United States of America met at Montgomery, the state capital of Alabama, adopted the Provisional Constitution of the Confederate States.
[4]
Records of the number of individuals who served in the United States Army are more extensive and reliable, but still are not entirely accurate. Estimates of the number of individual Union soldiers range between 1,550,000 and 2,400,000, with a number between 2,000,000 and 2,200,000 most likely. Union Army records show slightly more than 2,677,000 enlistments but this number apparently includes many re-enlistments. These numbers do not include sailors who served in United States Navy or United States Marine Corps. These figures represent the total number of individual soldiers who served at any time during the war, not the size of the army at any given date.
[5]
Albert Burton Moore, Conscription and Conflict in the Confederacy (1924).
[6]
In comparison, the best estimates of the number of deaths of United States soldiers are 110,100 killed or mortally wounded in battle, 224,580 deaths from disease and 30,192 deaths in Confederate prison camps, although some historians also dispute these figures. The best conjecture for United States Army wounded is 275,175.
[7]
Confederate forces at Mobile, Alabama, and Columbus, Georgia, also had already surrendered on April 14, 1865, and April 16, 1865, respectively. U.S. and Confederate units fought a battle at Columbus, Georgia, before the surrender on April 16, 1865, and a small final battle at Palmito Ranch, Texas, on May 12, 1865. In areas more distant from the main theaters of operations, Confederate forces in Alabama and Mississippi under Lieutenant General Richard Taylor, in Arkansas under Brigadier General M. Jeff Thompson, in Louisiana and Texas under General E. Kirby Smith and in Indian Territory under Brigadier General Stand Watie surrendered on May 4, 1865, May 12, 1865, May 26, 1865 (officially June 2, 1865), and June 28, 1865, respectively.
[8]
Eric Foner. Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863–1877. 1988: 15 [2020-02-16]. ISBN 9780062035868. （原始內容存檔於2021-04-22）.
[9]
Hamner, Christopher. Deserters in the Civil War | Teachinghistory.org. teachinghistory.org. [3 August 2018]. （原始內容存檔於2021-04-21）（英語）.

[1] [1]
Civil War Facts. American Battlefield Trust. August 16, 2011 [2020-02-15]. （原始內容存檔於2021-05-03）.

[2] [2]
C.S. War Dept., p. 402.

[3] [3]
On February 8, 1861, delegates from the first seven Deep South slave states which had already declared their secession from the Union of the United States of America met at Montgomery, the state capital of Alabama, adopted the Provisional Constitution of the Confederate States.

[4] [4]
Records of the number of individuals who served in the United States Army are more extensive and reliable, but still are not entirely accurate. Estimates of the number of individual Union soldiers range between 1,550,000 and 2,400,000, with a number between 2,000,000 and 2,200,000 most likely. Union Army records show slightly more than 2,677,000 enlistments but this number apparently includes many re-enlistments. These numbers do not include sailors who served in United States Navy or United States Marine Corps. These figures represent the total number of individual soldiers who served at any time during the war, not the size of the army at any given date.

[5] [5]
Albert Burton Moore, Conscription and Conflict in the Confederacy (1924).

[6] [6]
In comparison, the best estimates of the number of deaths of United States soldiers are 110,100 killed or mortally wounded in battle, 224,580 deaths from disease and 30,192 deaths in Confederate prison camps, although some historians also dispute these figures. The best conjecture for United States Army wounded is 275,175.

[7] [7]
Confederate forces at Mobile, Alabama, and Columbus, Georgia, also had already surrendered on April 14, 1865, and April 16, 1865, respectively. U.S. and Confederate units fought a battle at Columbus, Georgia, before the surrender on April 16, 1865, and a small final battle at Palmito Ranch, Texas, on May 12, 1865. In areas more distant from the main theaters of operations, Confederate forces in Alabama and Mississippi under Lieutenant General Richard Taylor, in Arkansas under Brigadier General M. Jeff Thompson, in Louisiana and Texas under General E. Kirby Smith and in Indian Territory under Brigadier General Stand Watie surrendered on May 4, 1865, May 12, 1865, May 26, 1865 (officially June 2, 1865), and June 28, 1865, respectively.

[8] [8]
Eric Foner. Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863–1877. 1988: 15 [2020-02-16]. ISBN 9780062035868. （原始內容存檔於2021-04-22）.

[9] [9]
Hamner, Christopher. Deserters in the Civil War | Teachinghistory.org. teachinghistory.org. [3 August 2018]. （原始內容存檔於2021-04-21）（英語）.

[3]

[1]

[2]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]