牙齒發育

牙齒發育或稱牙生成（英語：odontogenesis），是胚胎細胞發育、生長成為牙齒，最後長於口腔內的複雜過程。雖然許多物種都有牙齒構造，但牠們的牙齒發育普遍和人類相同。人類牙齒必須經過良好的胚胎發育階段，才能發展出健康的口腔環境、牙釉質、牙本質、牙骨質（英語：cementum）及牙周組織。乳齒在六至八週之間開始形成，恆齒則是第二十週時開始生長、逐漸取代乳齒^[1]，錯過這段時間牙齒便不會發育。

X光照片由右下方拍攝，左起：第三、第二以及第一臼齒，各在不同發育階段

註釋

1. Ten Cate, A. R. Oral histology: development, structure, and function. St. Louis: Mosby. 1998: 81–102. ISBN 0-8151-2952-1.

參考資料

• Abbott, Dave. "Sharks" （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）. 2000. [2006-01-07]
• The American Academy of Periodontology. "Oral Health Information for the Public". [2005-12-12]
• The American Dental Association. "Tooth Eruption Charts". [2005-12-12]
• The American Dental Hygiene Association （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）. "Nutritional Factors in Tooth Development" （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）. [2005-12-10]
• The American Dental Hygiene Association （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）. "Table II. Effects of nutrient deficiencies on tooth development" （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）. [2005-12-10]
• Ash, Major M. and Stanley J. Nelson. Wheeler’s Dental Anatomy, Physiology, and Occlusion. 8th edition. 2003. ISBN 0-7216-9382-2.
• Buchheim, Jason. "A Quick Course in Ichthyology" （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）. [2006-01-07]
• Cate, A.R. Ten. Oral Histology: development, structure, and function. 5th ed. 1998. ISBN 0-8151-2952-1.
• Caceci, Thomas. Veterinary Histology with subtitle "Digestive System: Oral Cavity". [2005-12-15]
• Frandson, R.D. & T.L. Spurgeon, 1992. Anatomy and Physiology of Farm Animals. 5th edition. Philadelphia, Lea & Febiger. ISBN 0-8121-1435-3.
• Harris, Edward F. Craniofacial Growth and Development. In the section entitled "Tooth Eruption." 2002.
• Health Hawaii. "Primary Teeth: Importance and Care". Retrieved [2005-12-12]
• Johnson, Clarke. "Biology of the Human Dentition". 1998.
• Kahn, Michael A. Basic Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology. Volume 1. 2001.
• Monthly Microscopy Explorations "Exploration of the Month: January 1998".
• Neville, B.W., Douglas Damm, Carl Allen, Jerry Bouquot. Oral & Maxillofacial Pathology. 2nd edition. 2002. ISBN 0-7216-9003-3.
• Riolo, Michael L. and James K. Avery. Essentials for Orthodontic Practice. 1st edition. 2003. ISBN 0-9720546-0-X.
• Ross, Michael H., Gordon I. Kaye, and Wojciech Pawlina. Histology: a text and atlas. 4th edition. 2003. ISBN 0-683-30242-6.
• Summitt, James B., J. William Robbins, and Richard S. Schwartz. Fundamentals of Operative Dentistry: A Contemporary Approach. 2nd edition. Carol Stream, Illinois, Quintessence Publishing Co, Inc. 2001. ISBN 0-86715-382-2.
• University of Southern California School of Dentistry （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）. "The Bell Stage: Image 26" （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）. [2005-12-11]
• University of Southern California School of Dentistry （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）. "The Bell Stage: Image 30" （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）. [2005-12-11]
• University of Texas Medical Branch. "Lab Exercises: Tooth development." Page found here.
• Williams, Michael E. "Jaws: The early years" （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）. 1992. [2006-01-07]
• WebMd （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）. "Dental Health: Your Child's Teeth" （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）. [2005-12-12]
• The international Journal of Developmental Biology. Odontogenesis Vol.39, N° 1 (1995) [1]

外部連結

• 生物人類學與古代人DNA （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）
• 發育中牙齒的不同基因資料庫 （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）
• 獸醫組織學，Dr. Thomas Caceci