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沙丘戰役
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沙丘戰役(法語:Bataille des Dunes,西班牙語:Batalla de las Dunas)發生於1658年6月14日,是法西戰爭中的一場決定性戰役。此戰發生於西屬尼德蘭的戰略港口敦刻爾克附近,蒂雷納子爵率領的法軍當時正在圍攻敦克爾克,奧地利的約翰(英語:John of Austria the Younger)和大孔代指揮的西班牙軍隊嘗試解圍,但遭到了慘敗。
Quick Facts 沙丘戰役, 日期 ...
沙丘戰役 | |||||||
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法西戰爭 (1635年-1659年)的一部分 | |||||||
![]() 《沙丘戰役》,夏爾-菲利普·拉里維埃(英語:Charles-Philippe Larivière)繪 | |||||||
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參戰方 | |||||||
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指揮官與領導者 | |||||||
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兵力 | |||||||
14,000–15,000人[4][a][5] (含3,000名英軍) |
14,000–15,000人[6][b][7] (含2,000名英軍) | ||||||
傷亡與損失 | |||||||
400人傷亡[8] |
1,000–1,200人死亡 3,000人受傷[9] 5,000人被俘[10][8][11] |
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在這場勝利後,法蘭西王國與西班牙於1659年11月在經過談判後簽訂庇里牛斯條約,法國取代西班牙帝國成為歐洲霸主。
註釋
- 雙方騎兵和步兵的兵力來源差異很大,普遍認為雙方都在15,000人左右。各史家給出的人數如下:
- 6,000名騎兵,9,000名步兵(Fortescue 1899,p.271);
- 9,000名騎兵,6,000名步兵(Davis 2001,p.221);
- 9,000名騎兵,6,000名步兵(Hamilton 1874,p.24);
- 6,000名騎兵,8,000名步兵(Longueville 1907,p.261);
- 5,000-6,000名騎兵以58個中隊組成,9,000名步兵以18個中隊組成(Ramsay 1735,p.184);
- 6,000名騎兵,9,000名步兵(Hozier 1885,p.132);
- 4,000名騎兵,6,000名步兵(Manganiello 2004,p.170);
- 5,000-6,000名騎兵以58個中隊組成,9,000名步兵以18個中隊組成(Cust 1867,p.85);
- 6,000名騎兵,8,000名步兵(Waylen 1880,p.204).
- Spanish et al strength:
- 8,000名騎兵,6,000名步兵(Longueville 1907,p.261);
- 5,000名騎兵,10,000名步兵(Davis 2001,p.221);
- 8,000名騎兵,6,000名步兵以15個中隊組成(Ramsay 1735,pp.499–500);
- 8,000名騎兵,6,000名步兵(Hozier 1885,p.131);
- 3,000名騎兵,12,000名步兵(Manganiello 2004,p.171) and;
- 9,000-10,000名騎兵,5,000名步兵(Cust 1867,p.85)
- 孔代4,000名騎兵在左翼(Waylen 1880,p.205).
註腳
- Sandler 2002,第247頁.
- Lopez 2012,第32–33頁.
- De Périni & 1896 227. sfn error: no target: CITEREFDe_Périni1896227 (help)
- Fortescue 1899,第271頁.
- Fortescue 1899,第271頁Hozier 1885,第132頁
- Fortescue 1899,第270頁.
- Fortescue 1899,第270頁 also,Hozier 1885,第131頁.
- Davis 2001,第225頁.
- Clodfelter 2017,第42頁.
- Grant 2010,第358頁.
- Tucker 2010,第213頁.
參考文獻
- De Périni, Hardÿ. Batailles françaises, Volume IV. Ernest Flammarion, Paris. 1896: 227.</ref>
- Clodfelter, Micheal, Warfare and Armed Conflict: A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures, 1492–2015, 2017
- Anderson, Bruce, The British admire their Army but they don't understand it, The Independent, 20 July 2009: 25 [2022-07-30], (原始內容存檔於2012-05-30)
- Asquith, Stuart, New Model Army 1645–60, Osprey Publishing: 31, 1981, ISBN 978-0-85045-385-0
Atkinson, Charles Francis. Great Rebellion s.v. 4. Battle of Edgehill. Chisholm, Hugh (編). Encyclopædia Britannica 12 (第11版). London: Cambridge University Press: 404. 1911.
- Baker, Richard; Phillips, Edward, A Chronicle of the Kings of England ..., Samuel Ballard; et al: 562, 1733
- Birch, Thomas (編), State Papers, 1656: September (2 of 7), A collection of the State Papers of John Thurloe, (volume 5: May 1656 – January 1657) 5, British History Online: 384–399, 1742 [2022-07-30], (原始內容存檔於2014-08-29)
- Capp, B.S., Cromwell's navy: the fleet and the English Revolution, 1648–1660, Oxford University Press, US, 1989, ISBN 978-0198201151
Chisholm, Hugh (編). Turenne, Henri de la Tour d'Auvergne, Vicomte de. Encyclopædia Britannica 27 (第11版). London: Cambridge University Press: 414. 1911.
- Cust, Edward, Sir, Lives of the Warriors of the Civil Wars of France and England, London: John Murray, 1867
- Davis, Paul K., 100 Decisive Battles: From Ancient Times to the Present, Oxford University Press US: 222–225, 2001, ISBN 978-0-19-514366-9
- Firth, C.H., The army or the Commonwealth and Protectorate-II, Notes and queries, eighth series 5, John C Francies: 161–162, January–June 1894
- Firth, C.H., The last years of the Protectorate 2, London, New York: Longmans, Green: 192–199, 1909
- Fortescue, John William, Sir, A history of the British army, Volume 1, London: Macmillan and Co. Ltd., 1899
- Grant, R G, Battle at Sea: 3000 years of naval warfare, Dorling Kindersley: 131, 2010, ISBN 978-1405335058
- Hamilton, Sir Frederick William, The Origin and History of the First or Grenadier Guards I, London: John Murray, 1874
- Hozier, Sir Henry Montague, Turenne, London: Chapman & Hall, 1885
- EKBGD staff, Origins, East Kent Branch of the Grenadier Guards Association, [20 October 2019], (原始內容存檔於2020-10-29)
- Longueville, Thomas, Marshall Turenne, London: Longmans, Green, & Co.: 252–267, 1907
- Lopez, Ignacio, The Spanish Tercios 1536–1704, Osprey Publishing: 32–33, 2012, ISBN 978-1-78096-873-5
- Manganiello, Stephen C., Dunes, The, The Concise Encyclopedia of the Revolutions and Wars of England, Scotland 1639–1660, Scarecrow Press: 170, 171, 2004, ISBN 978-0-8108-5100-9
- Maland, David M.A., Europe in the Seventeenth Century Second, Macmillan: 227, 1991, ISBN 978-0-333-33574-1
- Niderost, Eric, English Civil War: Battle of Edgehill, Military History Magazine, October 1993 [20 October 2019], (原始內容存檔於2016-06-10)
- Ramsay, Andrew Michael, The history of Henri de La Tour d'Auvergne, Viscount de Turenne, Marshal of France II, London: 184, 499–500, 1735. (This volume includes Memoirs of the Duke of York: First of the Civil Wars in France)
- Rodger, N.A.M., The Command of the Ocean: A Naval History Of Britain, 1649–1815, Volume 2
, London: W.W. Norton & Company: 28–29, 2004, ISBN 978-0-393-06050-8 含有內容需登入查看的頁面 (link)
- Sandler, Stanley, Ground Warfare: H–Q, ABC-CLIO: 247, 2002, ISBN 978-1-57607-344-5
- Tucker, Spencer C., Battles That Changed History: An Encyclopedia of World Conflict, Santa Barbara: Greenwood Publishing Group, 2010, ISBN 978-1-59884-429-0
- Waylen, James, The house of Cromwell and the story of Dunkirk, London: Chapman and Hall, Ltd.: 198, 1880