江蘺屬

江蘺屬（學名：Gracilaria），其物種又名龍鬚菜^[2]、海髮^[3]或海麵條^[4]，是紅藻門江蘺科之下的一個屬，因其作為一種瓊脂植物的經濟重要性以及用作人類和各種貝類的食物而著稱。該屬內的各種物種在亞洲、南美洲、非洲和大洋洲均有栽培。

江蘺屬
江蘺
科學分類
門：	紅藻門 Rhodophyta
綱：	真紅藻綱 Florideophyceae
目：	江蘺目 Gracilariales
科：	江蘺科 Gracilariaceae
屬：	江蘺屬 Gracilaria Greville（英語：Robert Kaye Greville）, 1830
異名[1]
Ceramianthemum V.Donati ex S.Léman, 1817 Corallopsis Greville, 1830 Flagellaria Stackhouse, 1809 Plocaria Nees, 1820

分佈

本屬物種分佈於世界各地的溫暖水域，但也季節性地出現在溫帶的水域。這些紅藻不能承受低於10 °C（50 °F）的海水溫度；除了北極以外，江蘺屬物種在其餘所有海洋中均有發現。它的多樣性中心是西太平洋，在那裏它傳統上被用作瓊脂（亦作瓊膠^[5]或洋菜）的來源而被養殖^[6][7]。而養殖水域的鹽度，對瓊脂的生產量亦有所影響^[5]。

利用

Ogonori

Kkosiraegi-muchim（英語：muchim） (seasoned gracilaria)

江蘺屬物種在菲律賓、夏威夷（英語：Cuisine of Hawaii）、日本及韓國等多國料理中均有使用^[8]。在緬甸若開邦北部對出海域設有江蘺屬物種（可食龍鬚菜；Gracilaria edulis）的養殖場，有近90年歷史^[8]。 日本料理將其稱為ogonori或ogo。In the 菲律賓, it is called gulaman（英語：gulaman） and used to make 果凍.^[9] In 牙買加, it is known as Irish moss.^[10]。在韓國，江蘺屬物種有「海麵條」（꼬시래기）的外號^[4]。

無論是在體外（in vitro）或體內（in vivo）的實驗中，通過瓊脂酶（英語：agarase）（agarase）消化從含瓊脂的江蘺屬物種多糖中製備、聚合度為6的江蘺寡糖已被證明是針對日本腦炎病毒感染的一種有效預防劑。來自江籬屬物種的硫化寡糖似乎是進一步發展為抗病毒劑的有希望候選物。^[11]

水產貿易

江蘺屬物種常以大型藻類的形式在水產市場發售。對於刺尾鯛科^[12]及不少其他植食性的魚類，它是一種高適口性藻類，而且其營養吸收能力使它成為一個合適的避難所（refugium）選擇。

生態學

江蘺屬物種有可能會被卵菌綱的水黴Pythium porphyrae（英語：Pythium porphyrae）寄生感染^[13]。

物種列表

截至2021年6月26日 (2021-06-26)^[update]，WoRMS紀錄本屬包括下列各物種^[1][14]：

• Gracilaria abbottiana M.D.Hoyle, 1978
• Gracilaria abyssalis Gurgel & Yoneshigue-Valentin, 2008^[15]
• Gracilaria aculeata (Hering) Papenfuss, 1967
• Gracilaria aggregata J.D.Hooker & Harvey, 1845
• Gracilaria ambigua Greville, 1935
• Gracilaria apiculata P.L.Crouan & H.M.Crouan, 1865
• Gracilaria apiculifera J.Agardh, 1901
• 弓龍鬚菜 Gracilaria arcuata Zanardini, 1858^[14]
• Gracilaria armata (C.Agardh) Greville, 1830
• Gracilaria articulata C.F.Chang & B.M.Xia, 1976
• Gracilaria ascidiicola E.Y.Dawson, 1961
• Gracilaria attenuata (M.Umamaheswara Rao) V.Krishnamurthy
• 小共生龍鬚菜 Gracilaria babae (H.Yamamoto) P.-K. Ng, P.-E. Lim & S.-M. Phang, 2014^[14][16]
• Gracilaria baiana Lyra, Gurgel, M.C.Oliveira & Nunes, 2016
• 繁枝江蘺 Graiclaria bangmeiana
• Gracilaria beckeri (J.Agardh) Papenfuss, 1952
• 芋根江蘺 Gracilaria blodgettii Harvey, 1853^[17]
• Gracilaria brasiliensis Gurgel & Yoneshigue-Valentin, 2008^[15]
• Gracilaria brevis W.R.Taylor, 1945
• Gracilaria bursa-pastoris (S.G.Gmelin) P.C.Silva, 1952：模式種。
• 喀麥隆龍鬚菜 Gracilaria camerunensis Pilger, 1911
• 粗管龍鬚菜 Gracilaria canaliculata Sonder, 1871^[14]
• Gracilaria capensis F.Schmitz ex Mazza, 1907
• Gracilaria cearensis (A.B.Joly & Pinheiro) A.B.Joly & Pinheiro, 1966
• Gracilaria cerrosiana W.R.Taylor, 1945
• Gracilaria cervicornis (Turner) J.Agardh, 1852
• Gracilaria chondracantha (Kützing) Millar, 2005
• Gracilaria chondroides (Kützing) P.L.Crouan & H.M.Crouan, 1878
• 脆江蘺 Gracilaria chouae Zhang & B.M.Xia, 1992
• Gracilaria cliftonii Withell, A.J.K.Millar & Kraft, 1994
• Gracilaria comosa Withell, A.J.K.Millar & Kraft, 1994
• Gracilaria conferta (Schousboe ex Montagne) Montagne, 1846
• Gracilaria coppejansii Muangmai, Lewmanomont, Prathep, Terada & Zuccarello, 2017
• Gracilaria corallicola Zanardini, 1868
• Gracilaria corniculata (C.Agardh) J.Agardh, 1852
• 傘房龍鬚菜 Gracilaria coronopifolia J.Agardh, 1852^[14]，異名：可食江籬 Gracilaria edulis (Gmelin) Silva, 1952^[14]
• Gracilaria corticata (J.Agardh) J.Agardh, 1852
• Gracilaria crispata Setchell & Gardner, 1924
• Gracilaria crockeri E.Y.Dawson, 1949
• Gracilaria cuneata J.E. Areschoug, 1854
• Gracilaria cuneifolia (Okamura) I.K.Lee & Kurogi, 1977
• Gracilaria curtissiae J.Agardh, 1885
• Gracilaria cylindrica Børgesen, 1920
• Gracilaria damicornis J.Agardh, 1852
• Gracilaria dawsonii Hoyle, 1994
• Gracilaria debilis (Forsskål) Børgesen, 1932
• Gracilaria dendroides Gargiulo, De Masi & Tripodi, 1985
• Gracilaria denticulata F.Schmitz ex Mazza, 1907
• Gracilaria disticha (J.Agardh) J.Agardh, 1852
• Gracilaria divaricata Harvey, 1853
• Gracilaria divergens (C.Agardh) J.Agardh, 1847
• Gracilaria domingensis (Kützing) Sonder ex Dickie, 1874
• Gracilaria dotyi Hoyle, 1977
• Gracilaria dumosa Harvey & J.W.Bailey, 1862
• Gracilaria dura (C.Agardh) J.Agardh, 1842
• 厄瓜多爾江蘺 Gracilaria ecuadoreanus (W.R.Taylor) E.Y.Dawson, 1949
• Gracilaria ephemera Skelton, South & Millar, 2004
• Gracilaria epihippisora Hoyle, 1977
• Gracilaria fanii B.M.Xia & Pan, 1995
• 粗龍鬚菜 Gracilaria firma Chang & Xia, 1976^[18]
• Gracilaria flabelliformis (P.L.Crouan & H.M.Crouan) Fredericq & Gurgel, 2004
• Gracilaria flagelliformis (Sonder) Womersley, 1996
• Gracilaria foliifera (Forsskål) Børgesen, 1932
• Gracilaria fruticosa Harvey, 1855
• Gracilaria galetensis C.F.D.Gurgel, S.Fredericq, & J.N.Norris, 2004
• Gracilaria gardneri (Setchell) Gurgel, J.N.Norris & Fredericq, 2018
• Gracilaria gigartinoides (P.L.Crouan & H.M.Crouan) P.L.Crouan & H.M.Crouan, 1866
• Gracilaria gigas Harvey, 1860
• Gracilaria glomerata Zhang & B.M.Xia, 1994
• Gracilaria gracilis (Stackhouse) M.Steentoft, L.M.Irvine & W.F.Farnham, 1995
• 海南江蘺 Gracilaria hainanensis C.F.Chang & B.M.Xia, 1976
• Gracilaria halogenea A.J.K.Millar, 1990
• Gracilaria hancockii E.Y.Dawson, 1944
• Gracilaria hauckii P.C.Silva, 1996
• Gracilaria hayi Gurgel, Fredericq & J.N.Norris, 2004
• Gracilaria hermonii Millar, 2004
• Gracilaria heteroclada (Montagne) Feldmann & G.Feldmann, 1943
• Gracilaria hikkaduwensis Durairatnam, 1962
• Gracilaria howensis Lucas, 1935
• Gracilaria incrustata J.Agardh, 1901
• Gracilaria incurvata Okamura, 1931
• 印度江蘺 Gracilaria indica Umamaheswara Rao, 1974
• Gracilaria intermedia J.Agardh, 1901
• Gracilaria irregularis I.A.Abbott, 1988
• Gracilaria isabellana Gurgel, Fredericq & J.N.Norris, 2004
• Gracilaria kanyakumariensis Umamaheswara Rao, 1974
• Gracilaria khanjanapajiae Saengkaew, Muangmai, Bulan & Zuccarello, 2022^[19]
• Gracilaria kilakkaraiensis V.Krishnamurthy & Rajendran, 1987
• Gracilaria lacerata Setchell & Gardner, 1924
• Gracilaria lantaensis Muangmai, Zuccarello, Noiraksa & Lewmanomont ^[20]
• Gracilaria latifronds P.L.Crouan & H.M.Crouan, 1865
• Gracilaria longa Gargiulo, De Masi & Tripodi, 1987
• 長喙江蘺 Gracilaria longirostris Zhang & Wang, 1995^[17]
• Gracilaria longissima (S.G.Gmelin) Steentoft, L.M.Irvine & Farnham, 1995
• Gracilaria mamillaris (Montagne) Howe
• Gracilaria mammillaris (Montagne) M.A.Howe, 1918
• Gracilaria manilaensis Yamamoto & Trono, 1994
• Gracilaria mannarensis Umamaheswara Rao, 1974
• Gracilaria mannariensis Umamaheswara Rao, 1974
• Gracilaria maramae G.R.South, 1995
• Gracilaria marcialana E.Y.Dawson, 1949
• Gracilaria mayae A.J.K.Millar, 1997
• Gracilaria megaspora (E.Y.Dawson) Papenfuss, 1967
• 墨西哥江蘺 Gracilaria mexicana (Kützing) P.L.Crouan & H.M.Crouan, 1878
• Gracilaria microdendron J.Agardh, 1901
• Gracilaria millardetii (Montagne) J.Agardh, 1885
• 小江蘺 Gracilaria minor (Sonder) Durairatnam, 1961
• Gracilaria minuta Lewmanomont, 1994
• Gracilaria mixta I.A.Abbott, J.Zhang & B.M.Xia, 1991
• Gracilaria multipartita (Clemente) Harvey, 1846
• Gracilaria occidentalis (Børgesen) M.Bodard, 1965
• Gracilaria oliveirarum Gurgel, Fredericq & J.N.Norris, 2004
• Gracilaria opuntia Durairatnam, 1962
• Gracilaria ornata Areschoug, 1854
• Gracilaria pachydermatica Setchell & Gardner, 1924
• Gracilaria pacifica I.A.Abbott, 1985
• Gracilaria palmettoides P.L.Crouan & H.M.Crouan, 1865
• Gracilaria papenfussii I.A.Abbott, 1983
• Gracilaria parvispora I.A.Abbott, 1985
• Gracilaria patens P.L.Crouan & H.M.Crouan, 1865
• Gracilaria pauciramosa (N.Rodríguez de Ríos) A.M.Bellorin, M.C.Oliveira, & E.C.Oliveira
• Gracilaria percurrens (I.A.Abbott) I.A.Abbott, 1991
• Gracilaria perplexa Byrne, K., Zuccarello, G.C., West, J., Liao, M.-L.& Kraft, G.T., 2002
• Gracilaria peruana Piccone & Grunow, 1886
• Gracilaria pinnata Setchell & N.L.Gardner, 1924
• Gracilaria prolifica (Kützing) P.L.Crouan & H.M.Crouan, 1878
• Gracilaria protea J.Agardh, 1901
• Gracilaria pudumadamensis V.Krishnamurthy & N.R.Rajendran, 1987
• Gracilaria pulvinata Skottsberg, 1923
• 斑點龍鬚菜 Gracilaria punctata (Okamura) Yamada, 1941：又名斑江籠^[14]
• Gracilaria pygmaea Børgesen, 1937
• Gracilaria pygmaea V.J.Chapman, 1979
• Gracilaria ramisecunda E.Y.Dawson, 1949
• Gracilaria reptans (Weber-van Bosse) P.C.Silva, 1996
• Gracilaria rhodocaudata Yamamoto & Kudo, 1995
• Gracilaria rhodymenioides A.J.K.Millar, 1997
• Gracilaria robusta Setchell, 1899
• 紅江蘺 Gracilaria rubra (C.Agardh) J.Agardh
• Gracilaria rubra C.F.Chang & B.M.Xia, 1976
• Gracilaria rubrimembra E.Y.Dawson, 1949
• 縊龍鬚菜 Gracilaria salicornia (C.Agardh) E.Y.Dawson, 1954^[14]
• Gracilaria salzmannii Bornet ex Möbius, 1889
• Gracilaria secunda (C.Agardh) Zanardini, 1840
• Gracilaria secundata Harvey, 1863
• 下田龍鬚菜 Gracilaria shimodensis Terada, R.& Yamamoto, H., 2000
• Gracilaria silviae Lyra, Gurgel, M.C.Oliveira & J.M.C.Nunes, 2015
• Gracilaria skottsbergii W.R.Taylor, 1945
• Gracilaria smithsoniensis Gurgel, Fredericq & J.N.Norris, 2004
• Gracilaria spinigera E.Y.Dawson, 1949
• Gracilaria spinuligera Børgesen, 1952
• 刺邊江籬 Gracilaria spinulosa (Okamura) Chang & B.M.Xia, 1976^[14]
• Gracilaria srilankia (Chang & B.Xia) Withell, A.J.K.Millar & Kraft, 1994
• Gracilaria stellata I.A.Abbott, Zhang & B.M.Xia, 1991
• Gracilaria stipitata A.F.Withell, A.J.K.Millar & Kraft, 1994
• Gracilaria sublittoralis Yamada & Segawa ex H.Yamamoto, 1994
• Gracilaria subsecundata Setchell & N.L.Gardner, 1924
• Gracilaria subtilis (B.M.Xia & I.A.Abbott) B.M.Xia & I.A.Abbott, 1991
• Gracilaria sullivanii Yamamoto & Trono, 1994
• Gracilaria suzannae ^[21]
• Gracilaria symmetrica E.Y.Dawson, 1949
• 台灣龍鬚菜 Gracilaria taiwanensis S.-M.Lin, L.-C.Liu & Payri, 2012：原作Gracilaria vieillardii^[22]
• Gracilaria tepocensis (E.Y.Dawson) E.Y.Dawson, 1961
• Gracilaria textorii (Suringar) De Toni, 1895
• Gracilaria tikvahiae McLachlan, 1979
• Gracilaria truncata Kraft, 1977
• Gracilaria turgida E.Y.Dawson, 1949
• Gracilaria tuticorinensis V.Krishnamurthy & Rajendran, 1987
• Gracilaria vanbosseae (I.A.Abbott) I.A.Abbott, 1991
• Gracilaria veloroae E.Y.Dawson, 1944
• 委內瑞拉龍鬚菜 Gracilaria venezuelensis W.R.Taylor, 1942
• 真江籬 Gracilaria vermiculata P.J.L.Dangeard, 1949^[23]
• Gracilaria vieillardii P.C.Silva, 1987
• Gracilaria vieirae M.P.Reis, 1977
• 綠龍鬚菜 Gracilaria viridis A.Sfriso, M.A.Wolf, K.Sciuto, M.Morabito, C.Andreoli & I.Moro, 2013^[24]
• Gracilaria yamamotoi Zhang & B.M.Xia, 1994
• 鶯歌海龍鬚菜 Gracilaria yinggehaiensis Xia & Wang, 2002

異名：

• Gracilaria andersonii
• Gracilaria asiatica
• 異枝江蘺 Gracilaria bailinae Chang et Xia^[17]
• Gracilaria birdiae Palastino & E.C.Oliveira, 2002
• Gracilaria cacalia
• 張氏龍鬚菜 Gracilaria changii (B.M.Xia & I.A.Abbott) I.A.Abbott, J.Zhang & B.M.Xia, 1991^[14]
• Gracilaria chilensis C.J.Bird, McLachlan & E.C.Oliveira, 1986
• Gracilaria confervoides
• Gracilaria cornea
• 細基江蘺 Gracilaria tenuistipitata C. F. Chang et B. M. Xia，1976：今作 Agarophyton tenuistipitatum (C.F.Chang & B.-M.Xia) Gurgel, J.N.Norris & Fredericq, 2018
• Gracilaria urvilleii
• Gracilaria usneoides
• 江蘺 Gracilaria vermiculophylla (Ohmi) Papenfuss, 1967,オゴノリ（日語：オゴノリ）
• Gracilaria yoneshigueana Gurgel, Fredericq & J.N.Norris, 2004

參考文獻

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2. 龍鬚菜屬;江籬屬(紅) Gracilaria. [2021-06-25]. （原始內容存檔於2021-06-30）.
3. 木村修次; 黒澤弘光 (編). 大修館現代漢和辞典. 大修館出版. 1996-12-10: 687 （日語）.
4. 꼬시래기 효능, 먹는법, 꼬시래기 부작용 알라보아요 [海麵條的效能、食用方法及副作用一覽]. [2021-07-26]. （原始內容存檔於2021-07-26） （韓語）.
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6. McLachlan, J.; Bird, C.J. Geographical and experimental assessment of the distribution of Gracilaria species (Rhodophyta: Gigartinales) in relation to temperature (PDF). Helgoländer Meeresuntersuchungen. 1984, 38: 319–334 [2021-06-25]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2021-02-10）.
7. Oliveira, E.C., de; Plastino, E.M. Gracilariaceae. Akatsuka, Isamu (編). Biology of Economic Algae. SPB Academic Publishing. 1994. ISBN 9789051030938.
8. Kyaw, Aye. The Production of Gracilaria eduli in Burma. Report of the Training Course on Gracilaria Algae, Manila, Philippines. 1–30 April 1981 [27 April 2013]. （原始內容存檔於2019-02-05） （英語）.
9. Davidson, Alan. Seafood of South-East Asia: A Comprehensive Guide with Recipes. Ten Speed Press（英語：Ten Speed Press）. 2004: 197. ISBN 978-1-58008-452-9.
10. Thomas J. Goreau; Robert Kent Trench. Innovative Methods of Marine Ecosystem Restoration. CRC Press. 2013: 193– [30 June 2013]. ISBN 978-1-4665-5773-4. （原始內容存檔於2021-07-07）.
11. Kazłowski B, Chiu YH, Kazłowska K, Pan CL, Wu CJ. Prevention of Japanese encephalitis virus infections by low-degree-polymerisation sulfated saccharides from Gracilaria sp. and Monostroma nitidum. Food Chem. 2012-08, 133 (3): 866–74. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.01.106 （英語）.
12. Volynkin, Alex. Growing Gracilaria Parvispora. Salt Water Reefing. 2013-09-28 [2016-12-18]. （原始內容存檔於2021-06-29） （英語）. This brings me back to Achilles’s diet. The guy apparently really likes Gracilaria macro algae. No wonder, especially considering that the grass is indigenous to Hawaii as well, and is considered the favorite food for tangs.
13. Spencer, M. A. Pythium porphyrae. (Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria). IMI Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria. 2004, 162 (Sheet 1617) [2017-10-10] （英語）. A description is provided for Pythium porphyrae. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASES: Red-rot disease, red-wasting disease. HOSTS: Bangia atropurpurea, Callophyllis adhaerens, Polyopes affinis (syn
14. 『學名』 開頭 『Gracilaria』 的資料 14 筆(含同種異名). 臺灣物種名錄（TaiBNET）. [2023-03-05]. （原始內容存檔於2023-03-06） （中文（繁體））.
15. Carlos Frederico D. Gurgel, Suzanne Fredericq, James N. Norris & Yocie Yoneshigue-Valentin (2008) Two new flat species of Gracilaria (Gracilariales, Rhodophyta) from Brazil: G. abyssalis sp. nov. and G. brasiliensis sp. nov., Phycologia, 47:3, 249-264, DOI: 10.2216/PH06-59.1
16. Ng, P.-K.; Lim, P.-E.; Phang, S.-M. Radiation of the red algal parasite Congracilaria babae onto a secondary host species, Hydropuntia sp. (Gracilariaceae, Rhodophyta). PLoS One. 2014, 9 ({5, e97450}): 1–11, 4 fig, 3 tables （英語）.
17. 丁蘭平; 譚華強; 孫國棟. 粤东地区江蓠属 Gracilaria &#124 (江蓠科,红藻门)的形态分类学. CNKI. [2021-07-01]. （原始內容存檔於2021-07-11） （中文（簡體））.
18. 藻類：粗龍鬚菜 Gracilaria firma &#124 Chang & Xia, 1976. 臺灣常見經濟性水產：動植物圖鑑. 行政院農業委員會漁業署. : 52 [2021-08-19]. （原始內容存檔於2019-12-30） （中文（繁體））.
19. Jantana Saengkaew, Narongrit Muangmai, Jakaphan Bulan and Giuseppe C. Zuccarello. 2022. Gracilaria khanjanapajiae sp. nov. (Gracilariales, Rhodophyta) from the Andaman Coast of Thailand. Phycologia. DOI: 10.1080/00318884.2022.2062189
20. Narongrit Muangmai, Giuseppe C. Zuccarello, Thidarat Noiraksa and Khanjanapaj Lewmanomont. 2014. A New Flat Gracilaria: Gracilaria lantaensis sp. nov. (Gracilariales, Rhodophyta) from the Andaman Coast of Thailand. Phycologia. 53(2); 137-145. DOI: 10.2216/13-215.1
21. Luanda Pereira Soares, Carlos Frederico D. Gurgel & Mutue Toyota Fujii (2018) Gracilaria suzannae sp. nov. (Gracilariales, Rhodophyta), a new flattened species from northeast Brazil based on morphological and molecular evidence, Phycologia, 57:3, 345-353, DOI: 10.2216/17-102.1
22. Lin, S.-M.; Liu, L.-C. Liu; Payri, C. Characterization of Gracilaria vieillardii and molecular phylogeny of foliose species from the western Pacific Ocean, including a description of G. taiwanensis. Phycologia. 2012, 51 (4): 421–431 （英語）.
23. 劉若愚. 中国近海重要生态建群红藻真江蓠(Gracilaria vermiculophylla)的居群遗传多样性研究. [2023-03-06]. （原始內容存檔於2023-03-06） （中文（簡體））.
24. Adriano Sfriso, Marion Adelheid Wolf, Katia Sciuto, Marina Morabito, Carlo Andreoli & Isabella Moro (2013) Gracilaria viridis sp. nov. (Gracilariales, Rhodophyta): a new red algal species from the Mediterranean Sea, Phycologia, 52:1, 65-73, DOI: 10.2216/12-007.1

引用錯誤：在<references>標籤中name屬性為「Wang et al 2015」的參考文獻沒有在文中使用

外部連結

• Gracilaria and its Cultivation. Internet Archive. （原始內容存檔於2016-03-04） （英語）.
• Gracilaria in the Suria Link Sea Plants Handbook (archived at the Internet Archive)