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围棋开局阶段 来自维基百科,自由的百科全书
佈局,又稱布石,圍棋術語,指圍棋的開局走法。一局棋通常分為佈局,中盤,官子三個階段。圍棋以佔地為目的。在佈局階段,對局雙方各自搶佔棋盤上的空地,同時儘量阻止對方佔地,由此導入中盤戰鬥。佈局和中盤的區分並不明確。有的對局在棋盤上所有「大場」(開闊的空地)被雙方瓜分以後才進入中盤戰鬥;有的對局則從一個角上就開始激烈戰鬥並蔓延至全盤。佈局階段,落子尚少,盤面尚大,無法作精確的計算,因而考校的是棋手的大局觀和棋感。
此條目沒有列出任何參考或來源。 (2018年9月25日) |
古代中國圍棋,為了防止「模仿棋」以及限制先行優勢而實行「座子制」,即行棋前預先在角上四個對角星位各擺上兩顆白子和兩顆黑子後由白棋先著。公元16世紀日本廢除座子制。日本古代圍棋的佈局講究行棋堅實,以小目開局為主,代表性的佈局有本因坊秀策所創的「秀策流」。昭和時代,吳清源和木谷實突破了小目開局的慣例,嘗試以星位和三三開局,史稱「新佈局」時代,由此開創了重視行棋效率和擴張速度的現代佈局,後來,佈局很大的程度上受到貼目新規則的影響。1970年代,武宮正樹將這一理念推向極致,創造了完全以星位開局(三連星),以中腹圍空為目的的「宇宙流」。
近年來中國棋手大量研究後多使用中國流佈局,以及變形的迷你中國流佈局,也被韓國,日本的許多棋手採用,成為近代棋戰中極常出現的佈局。
圍棋有諺語「金角銀邊草肚皮」,即以圍空效率而言,角上最高,中腹最差。所以佈局的一般順序也遵循由角到邊的原則。一局棋往往以佔角開始,繼之以守角和掛角(阻止對方守角)形成角上的攻防,然後是拆邊和分投(阻止對方拆邊),即所謂「佔大場」。佈局時行棋以三四線為主,其中三線利於圍邊空,稱為「實利線」,四線利於形成厚勢,稱為「厚勢線」。棋手也因對實利和厚勢的偏愛,而分為「實利派」,「厚勢派」。
現代圍棋多以小目和星位佔角開局,常見的佈局為:
二連星
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三連星
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中國流
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小林流
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迷你中國流
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星無憂角
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參見主條目定式
掛角以後即形成角上攻防。角上攻防是佈局中的重要部份,應對不當會導致全盤受制。因此長期以來人們都在探求各種情況下的最佳應對方式。經過長期研究總結公認的雙方均可接受的「兩分」着法就稱之為定式。同佈局流派一樣,以占角方式不同,定式也分為