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外群
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外群(英語:Outgroup),或稱外類群,是一個分支系統學概念,指與所有近緣單系群(兩個及以上)關係都較遠的類群(group),這意味着該群在演化過程中從母群分支出去的時間要早於其他群。
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Outgroup.jpg/640px-Outgroup.jpg)
下面舉出一些例子,其外類群標示在右邊:
例子
More information 內群(Ingroup), 外群(Outgroup) ...
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參見
參考文獻
- Prado-Martinez, Javier; Marques-Bonet, Tomas. Great ape genetic diversity and population history. Nature. 2013, 499 (7459): 471–475. PMC 3822165
. PMID 23823723. doi:10.1038/nature12228.
- Murphy, William; Pringle, Thomas; Crider, Tess; Springer, Mark; Miller, Webb. Using genomic data to unravel the root of the placental mammal phylogeny. Genome Research. 2007, 17 (4): 413–421. PMC 1832088
. PMID 17322288. doi:10.1101/gr.5918807.
- Cameron, Chris; Garey, James; Swalla, Billie. Evolution of the chordate body plan: New insights from phylogenetic analyses of deuterostome phyla. PNAS. 2000, 97 (9): 4469–4474. PMC 18258
. PMID 10781046. doi:10.1073/pnas.97.9.4469.
- Matthews, Sarah; Donoghue, Michael. The Root of Angiosperm Phylogeny Inferred from Duplicate Phytochrome Genes. Science. 1999, 286 (5441): 947–950. PMID 10542147. doi:10.1126/science.286.5441.947.