喀爾喀蒙古語(傳統蒙古文: ᠬᠠᠯᠬᠠ
ᠠᠶᠠᠯᠭᠤ,蒙古語西里爾字母:Халх аялгуу,Qalq-a ayalγu,[χɑɮχ ɑjɮ.ɢʊː]),亦稱現代蒙古語,[3]是蒙古國官方唯一的蒙古語標準音,亦是全球蒙古民族最通用的蒙古語系方言。
Quick Facts 喀爾喀蒙古語, 母語國家和地區 ...
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一些分類下喀爾喀方言包括錫林郭勒土語、烏蘭察布土語等內蒙古方言。[4]因為蒙古語西里爾字母是基於它制定,[5]它在事實上是蒙古的國語。[6]方言的名稱來自喀爾喀蒙古族和哈拉哈河。
標準語和口語間有許多差別。例如,標準語近指代詞是基於詞根ʉː/n-(除主格 in [i̠n]和賓格,後者用ʉːn-)[7],這與衛拉特語所展現的現象一致。[8]另一方面,口語還運用基於詞根inʉːn-和inĕn-的範式。[9]這和察哈爾蒙古語的情況很像。[10]同一現象還可見於遠指代詞/tir/。[11]
喀爾喀蒙古語可被粗略地劃分為南北兩種,包括蘇尼特等。兩種方言的共同創新有塞擦音去顎化,即/tʃ/除在*i前>/ts/和/tʃʰ/ > /tsʰ/,而南喀爾喀話則跟隨察哈爾和鄂爾多斯蒙古語,展現出出於語音異化的去送氣化,如*tʰatʰa > /tatʰ/。[12]但更多蒙古學者認為喀爾喀和察哈爾間的邊界等於蒙古和內蒙古喀爾喀地區的邊界。[13]
尤其在新派口音中,/p/(或/w/)> [ɸ],如同書面蒙古語qabtasu > 蘇尼特[ɢaptʰǎs] ~ [ɢaɸtʰǎs]「封面」。[14]
一種蒙古喀爾喀方言分類將其分為3個次方言:中、西、東。蒙古西里爾字母正字法是基於中喀爾喀方言的。最大的區別是聲母х在陰性詞中的發音,中喀爾喀方言讀如字,西喀爾喀則是送氣塞音kh,東喀爾喀則是濁塞音g。例如:хөтөл(中喀爾喀),көтөл (西喀爾喀),гөтөл (東喀爾喀)。聲母х在陽性詞中的表現同樣不一樣,第二個輔音是清音時西喀爾喀方言是h(幾乎脫落),在東喀爾喀則是gh。例如:хутга(中喀爾喀),hутага(西喀爾喀),гутага(東喀爾喀)。聲母т在東喀爾喀方言中發作d。例如:талх(中喀爾喀),талк(西喀爾喀),далх(東喀爾喀)。
楊虎嫩這本《蒙古語》列出了19個喀爾喀方言:[15]
- 蒙古:
- 俄羅斯:
- 內蒙古:
- 烏蘭察布土語:
- 察哈爾
- 衛拉特
- 達爾汗
- 四子王旗
- 茂明安
- 克什克騰
- 錫林郭勒土語:
Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (編). Halh Mongolian. Glottolog 2.7. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. 2016.
侯萬莊, 王浩. 现代蒙古语教程 Орчин цагийн монгол хэлний сурах бичиг. Beijing: 北京大學出版社. 2017-01-01. ISBN 9787301272312.
Svantesson et al. 2005: 143. Janhunen 2003: 179-180提到這是可能的。Sečenbaγatur et al. 2005: 207缺乏必要論證過程就將錫林郭勒和烏蘭察布土語劃入了察哈爾方言。
Sečenbaγatur et al. 2005: 372,也見Svantesson et al. 2005: 36
cp. Street 1957: 88,國際音標據Svantesson et al. 2005: 2,6-7, 91。但其在書寫習慣上寫[ʉ]而不是[u],這與Ölǰeyibürin (2001)相同。
Birtalan 2003: 220, Bläsing 2003: 239
參見Sečenbaγatur et al. 2005: 237。雖然這文獻的邏輯有點迷糊,它將一些南喀爾喀方言划進察哈爾方言,但它沒有提到類似ʉːn-的詞根。
Svantesson et al. 2005: 143, 206
如Sečenbaγatur et al. 2005: 207, 372-373,或許還有Amaržargal 1988: 22-25
Ölǰeyibürin 2001: 17-18。他誤以為清濁構成對立,但他用的轉寫來自Svantesson et al. 2005,這個方案中對立的是送氣。
Janhunen, Juha A. Mongolian. John Benjamins Publishing. 2012: On page 9, Juhanen writes: "In Outer Mongolia, the Khalkha group comprises, apart from Khalkha proper, the Khotgoit (Xotgaid) and Darkhat (Darxed) dialects in the north and the Dariganga (Darygengg) dialect in the southeast. This group also includes the Tsongol (Tzonggel) and Sartul (Sartool) dialects, officially classified as 「Buryat」, on the Russian side. On the Inner Mongolian side, the Khalkha group comprises the so–called Ulan Tsab (Oulaan Tzab) dialects, including Chakhar (Tzaxer), Urat (Ourd), Darkhan (Darxen), Muumingan (Moo Minggen), Dörben Huuhet (Deurben Xuuxed) and Keshigten (Xeshegten), as well as the so–called Shilingol (Shiliin Gol) dialects, including Udzumuchin (Udzemcen), Khuuchit (Xooced), Abaga (Abegh), Abaganar (Abeghner) and Sunit (Seund). Most of the dialects genetically belonging to the Khalkha group but areally spoken on the Inner Mongolian side are in some ways transitional, in that they incorporate secondary influences from dialects of the Khorchin type. Khalkha proper itself is also dialectally diversified and comprises, among others, two major groups of subdialects known as Northern Khalkha and Southern Khalkha. The modern Ulan Bator dialect of Khalkha, which for political reasons has a prestige status in Mongolia, has also developed into a distinct form of speech.". ISBN 978-90-272-3820-7 (英語).
- Amaržargal, B. (1988): BNMAU dah』 mongol helnij nutgijn ajalguuny tol』 bichig: halh ajalguu. Ulaanbaatar: ŠUA.
- Birtalan, Ágnes (2003): Oirat. In: Janhunen (ed.) 2003: 210-228.
- Bläsing, Uwe (2003): Kalmuck. In: Janhunen (ed.) 2003: 229-247.
- 楊虎嫩 (ed.) (2003): The Mongolic languages. London: Routledge.
- 楊虎嫩 (2003a): Mongol dialects. In: Janhunen 2003: 177-191.
- Ölǰeyibürin (2001): Sünid aman ayalγun-u geyigülügči abiyalaburi-yin sistem. In: Mongγol Kele Utq-a ǰokiyal 2001/1: 16-23.
- Poppe, Nicholas (1951): Khalkha-mongolische Grammatik. Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner.
- Sečenbaγatur, Qasgerel, Tuyaγ-a, B. ǰirannige, U Ying ǰe (2005): Mongγul kelen-ü nutuγ-un ayalγun-u sinǰilel-ün uduridqal. Kökeqota: Öbür mongγul-un arad-un keblel-ün qoriy-a.
- Street, John (1957): The language of the Secret history of the Mongols. American Oriental series 42.
- Svantesson, Jan-Olof, Anna Tsendina, Anastasia Karlsson, Vivan Franzén (2005): The Phonology of Mongolian. New York: Oxford University Press.