古風野牛

古風野牛; 化石時期：0.24–0.01 Ma PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N ▼
	古風野牛全身骨架
保護狀況
	化石
科學分類
界：	動物界 Animalia
門：	脊索動物門 Chordata
綱：	哺乳綱 Mammalia
目：	偶蹄目 Artiodactyla
科：	牛科 Bovidae
屬：	野牛屬 Bison
種：	†古風野牛 B. antiquus
二名法
	†Bison antiquus; Leidy, 1852

古風野牛（學名：Bison antiquus）是1萬年前更新世晚期時北美洲最普遍的大型草食性動物，且是現存美洲野牛的直接祖先^[3]。

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描述

西伯利亞野牛於更新世冰河時期（大約 240,000 至 220,000 年前）^[4]^[5]^[6]從西伯利亞遷徙至阿拉斯加。西伯利亞野牛於300萬年前在北美洲發展成長角野牛。約距今2萬2千年前，長角野牛被古風野牛所取代。古風野牛於1萬8千年前開始大量繁殖，並於1萬年前與其他更新世大型動物群一同滅絕^[5]，而在這之後美洲野牛出現，直到現今^[7]。古風野牛在拉布雷亞瀝青坑中是最為普遍的草食性動物^[3]。

對比現今的美洲野牛屬，古風野牛體型較高，骨頭及角較大。體型上較現存的美洲野牛大上 15-25% ，肩高可達 2.27米（7.4英尺），體長可達 4.6米（15英尺），體重則可達 1,588公斤（3,501英磅）^[8]。古風野牛雙角角尖之間的距離約為 1米（3.3英尺）。

參考文獻

[1]
Leidy & 1852a 117.
[2]
Leidy, 1852b & 11.
[3]
Animals of the La Brea Tar Pits Timeline. La Brea Tar Pits & Museum. [14 March 2017]. （原始內容存檔於2018-01-11）.
[4]
Bell, C.J.; et al. The Blancan, Irvingtonian, and Rancholabrean mammal ages. Woodburne, M.O. (編). Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic Mammals of North America: Biostratigraphy and Geochronology. New York: Columbia Univ. Press. 2004: 232–314. ISBN 0-231-13040-6.
[5]
Scott, E.; Cox, S.M. Late Pleistocene distribution of Bison (Mammalia; Artiodactyla) in the Mojave Desert of Southern California and Nevada. Wang, X.; Barnes, L.G. (編). Geology and Vertebrate Paleontology of Western and Southern North America. Los Angeles: Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County. 2008: 359–382.
[6]
Sanders, A.E.; R.E. Weems & L.B. Albright III. Formalization of the mid-Pleistocene "Ten Mile Hill beds" in South Carolina with evidence for placement of the Irvingtonian–Rancholabrean boundary. Albright III, L.B. (編). Papers on Geology, Vertebrate Paleontology, and Biostratigraphy in Honor of Michael O. Woodburne. Flagstaff: Museum of Northern Arizona. 2009: 369–375.
[7]
Wilson, M.C. & L.V. Hills, B. Shapiro. Late Pleistocene northward-dispersing Bison antiquus from the Bighill Creek Formation, Gallelli Gravel Pit, Alberta, Canada, and the fate of Bison occidentalis. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 2008, 45 (7): 827–859. Bibcode:2008CaJES..45..827W. doi:10.1139/E08-027.
[8]
存档副本. [2018-10-15]. （原始內容存檔於2011-08-21）.

外部連結

數位典藏與數位學習聯合目錄 - 古風野牛頭顱骨（頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）
Ancient Bison foot fossil （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）
Paleobiology Database - Bison antiquus （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）

[FOOTNOTELeidy1852a117-1] [1]
Leidy & 1852a 117.

[FOOTNOTELeidy1852b11-2] [2]
Leidy, 1852b & 11.

[Tar_Pits-3] [3]
Animals of the La Brea Tar Pits Timeline. La Brea Tar Pits & Museum. [14 March 2017]. （原始內容存檔於2018-01-11）.

[Belletal.2004-4] [4]
Bell, C.J.; et al. The Blancan, Irvingtonian, and Rancholabrean mammal ages. Woodburne, M.O. (編). Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic Mammals of North America: Biostratigraphy and Geochronology. New York: Columbia Univ. Press. 2004: 232–314. ISBN 0-231-13040-6.

[ScottandCox2008-5] [5]
Scott, E.; Cox, S.M. Late Pleistocene distribution of Bison (Mammalia; Artiodactyla) in the Mojave Desert of Southern California and Nevada. Wang, X.; Barnes, L.G. (編). Geology and Vertebrate Paleontology of Western and Southern North America. Los Angeles: Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County. 2008: 359–382.

[Sandersetal.2009-6] [6]
Sanders, A.E.; R.E. Weems & L.B. Albright III. Formalization of the mid-Pleistocene "Ten Mile Hill beds" in South Carolina with evidence for placement of the Irvingtonian–Rancholabrean boundary. Albright III, L.B. (編). Papers on Geology, Vertebrate Paleontology, and Biostratigraphy in Honor of Michael O. Woodburne. Flagstaff: Museum of Northern Arizona. 2009: 369–375.

[Wilsonetal.2008-7] [7]
Wilson, M.C. & L.V. Hills, B. Shapiro. Late Pleistocene northward-dispersing Bison antiquus from the Bighill Creek Formation, Gallelli Gravel Pit, Alberta, Canada, and the fate of Bison occidentalis. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 2008, 45 (7): 827–859. Bibcode:2008CaJES..45..827W. doi:10.1139/E08-027.

[8] [8]
存档副本. [2018-10-15]. （原始內容存檔於2011-08-21）.

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