傘菌目

傘菌目
	平菇 Pleurotus ostreatus
科學分類
界：	真菌界 Fungi
門：	擔子菌門 Basidiomycota
綱：	傘菌綱 Agaricomycetes
亞綱：	傘菌亞綱 Agaricomycetidae
目：	傘菌目 Agaricales; Underw., 1899
亞目
	傘菌亞目 Agaricineae; 蠟傘亞目 Hygrophorineae; 小皮傘亞目 Marasmiineae; 側耳亞目 Pleurotineae; 光柄菇亞目 Pluteineae; 裂褶菌亞目 Schizophyllineae; 口蘑亞目 Tricholomatineae;

傘菌目（學名：Agaricales），又名磨菇目，是傘菌綱的一目。本目包含33科、413屬和超過13000種已經描述的物種，其中包括6個化石屬^[1]。本目所包含的種類廣泛，從最常見的洋菇，致命的毒鵝膏和有迷幻性質的毒蠅傘，到可發光的發光類臍菇都是本目的種類。

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分佈和棲息地

傘菌目的物種無處不在，所有大洲均有發現。大部分生長在陸地，它們的棲息地包括所有類型的林地和草地，不同科之間的物種差別很大。傘菌目長期被認為是只生長在陸地，直到2005年發現的水生蘑菇(Psathyrella aquatica)，唯一在水下繁殖的蘑菇。^[2]

特徵

傘菌目的擔子果通常是肉質的，具有通常稱為莖的菌柄、菌蓋、和菌褶，其中產生擔孢子。這是蘑菇的刻板結構。不同類型的蘑菇包括多孔菌，它們有孔（管）而不是菌褶，以及形成齒狀或棘狀突起的觸鬚菌(hydnoid fungi)。

科

現時屬於傘菌目的科有約40個，包括：

蘑菇科 Agaricaceae
鵝膏菌科 Amanitaceae
Asproinocybaceae
T. Bau & G.F. Mou 2021
- Asproinocybe R. Heim 1970
  - Asproinocybe sinensis
- Tricholosporum Guzmán 1975
  - Tricholosporum guangxiense
Biannulariaceae Jülich 1982
糞鏽傘科 Bolbitiaceae Singer 1948
Broomeiaceae
Callistosporiaceae
Chromocyphellaceae
珊瑚菌科 Clavariaceae
絲膜菌科 Cortinariaceae
Crassisporiaceae
鏽耳科 Crepidotaceae ，靴耳科
掛鐘菌科 Cyphellaceae
皮革菌科 Cystostereaceae
粉褶菌科 Entolomataceae
牛舌菌科 Fistulinaceae
Hebelomataceae
Hemigasteraceae
軸腹菌科 Hydnangiaceae
蠟傘科 Hygrophoraceae
腹菌科 Hymenogastraceae
Inocybaceae
Jülich 1982
- Astrosporina J.Schröt., 1889
- Astrosporina S.Imai, 1938
- Auritella Matheny & Bougher, 2006
- Cyphellathelia Jülich
- Inocybe (Fr.) Fr., 1863
- 凹孢絲蓋傘屬 Inosperma (Kühner) Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
- Mallocybe (Kuyper) Matheny, Vizzini & Esteve-Rav.
  - Mallocybe abruptibulbosa (E.Ludw.) Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
  - Mallocybe acystidiata (E.Ludw.) Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
  - Mallocybe africana Aïgnon, Yorou & Ryberg
  - Mallocybe agardhii (N.Lund) Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
  - Mallocybe althoffiae (E.Horak) Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
  - Mallocybe arenaria (Bon) Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
  - Mallocybe arthrocystis (Kühner) Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
  - Mallocybe attenuatipes (E.Ludw.) Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
  - Mallocybe coloradoensis (Tracy & Earle) Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
  - Mallocybe cotoneovelata (E.Ludw.) Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
  - Mallocybe crassivelata Ferisin, Bizio, Esteve-Rav., Vizzini & Dovana
  - Mallocybe delecta (P.Karst.) Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
  - Mallocybe depressa L.Fan, H.Zhou & N.Mao
  - Mallocybe errata (E.Horak, Matheny & Desjardin) Haelew.
  - Mallocybe fibrillosa (Peck) Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
  - Mallocybe fulviceps (Murrill) Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
  - Mallocybe fulvipes (Kühner) Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
  - Mallocybe fulvoumbonata (Murrill) Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
  - Mallocybe fuscomarginata (Kühner) Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
  - Mallocybe granulosa (Jacobsson & E.Larss.) Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
  - Mallocybe gymnocarpa (Kühner) Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
  - Mallocybe hebelomoides Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
  - Mallocybe heimii (Bon) Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
  - Mallocybe homomorpha (Kühner) Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
  - Mallocybe isabellina (Matheny & Bougher) Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
  - Mallocybe lagenicystidiata (E.Ludw.) Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
  - Mallocybe latifolia (E.Ludw.) Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
  - Mallocybe latispora (Bon) Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
  - Mallocybe leucoblema (Kühner) Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
  - Mallocybe leucoloma (Kühner) Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
  - Mallocybe malenconii (R.Heim) Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
  - Mallocybe megalospora (Stangl & Bresinsky) Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
  - Mallocybe multispora (Murrill) Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
  - Mallocybe myriadophylla (Vauras & E.Larss.) Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
  - Mallocybe nuptialis Bandini, B.Oertel & U.Eberh.
  - Mallocybe pakistanica^[3]
  - Mallocybe pallidotomentosa (E.Ludw.) Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
  - Mallocybe paludosa (Kühner) Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
  - Mallocybe pelargoniodora (Kühner) Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
  - Mallocybe perbrevis (Weinm.) Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
  - Mallocybe peronata (J.Favre) Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
  - Mallocybe piceae L.Fan & N.Mao
  - Mallocybe pinicola^[3]
  - Mallocybe plebeia Bandini, B.Oertel & U.Eberh.
  - Mallocybe pseudodulcamara (E.Ludw.) Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
  - Mallocybe pygmaea (J.Favre) Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
  - Mallocybe pyrrhopoda (Matheny & Bougher) Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
  - Mallocybe sabulosa (Matheny & Bougher) Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
  - Mallocybe siciliana (Brugaletta, Consiglio & M.Marchetti) Brugaletta, Consiglio & M.Marchetti
  - Mallocybe solidipes (Kühner) Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
  - Mallocybe squamosoannulata (J.Favre) Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
  - Mallocybe squarrosoannulata (Kühner) Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
  - Mallocybe subannulata (Kühner) Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
  - Mallocybe subdecurrens (Ellis & Everh.) Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
  - Mallocybe subflavospora (Matheny & Bougher) Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
  - Mallocybe substraminipes (Kühner) Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
  - Mallocybe subtilior (Matheny & Bougher) Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
  - Mallocybe terrigena (Fr.) Matheny, Vizzini & Esteve-Rav.
  - Mallocybe tomentosula Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
  - Mallocybe umbrinofusca (Kühner) Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
  - Mallocybe unicolor (Peck) Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
  - Mallocybe velicoronata (E.Ludw. & M.Huth) Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
  - Mallocybe velutina Saba & Khalid
- Nothocybe Matheny & K.P.D.Latha, 2019
- Pseudosperma Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
- Tubariomyces Esteve-Rav. & Matheny, 2010
Limnoperdaceae
馬勃科 Lycoperdaceae
離褶傘科 Lyophyllaceae
Macrocystidiaceae
小皮傘科 Marasmiaceae
小菇科 Mycenaceae
Mythicomycetaceae
Niaceae
Nidulariaceae
光茸菌科 Omphalotaceae
Palaeoclavariaceae
Phelloriniaceae
Phyllotopsidaceae
Physalacriaceae
側耳科 Pleurotaceae
光柄菇科 Pluteaceae
Porotheleaceae
鬼傘科 Psathyrellaceae
Pseudoclitocybaceae
羽瑚菌科 Pterulaceae
Radulomycetaceae
Sarcomyxaceae
裂褶菌科 Schizophyllaceae
Secotiaceae
Squamanitaceae
Stephanosporaceae
球蓋菇科 Strophariaceae
口蘑科 Tricholomataceae
Tubariaceae
Tulostomataceae
Typhulaceae

科的地位未定的屬：

Acanthocorticium Baltazar, Gorjón & Rajchenb.
Acanthocystidium Baltazar, Gorjón & Rajchenb
Acinophora Rafinesque, 1808
Albocoprinus
Aleurocystis
鵝膏菌屬 Amanita Adanson, 1763
Amogaster M.A.Castellano, 1995
擬變孔菌屬 Anomoloma
Aureofungus Hibbett, Binder & Wang, 2003
Australocybe
Baumanniella Henn.
Blasiphalia Redhead
Bresadolina
Chalymmota
Cheilophlebium Opiz & Gintl, 1856
Collyria E.M.Fries, 1849
Copelandia
Cribrospora Pacioni & P.Fantini, 2000
Cycloderma Klotzsch, 1832
Cypellomyces Spegazzini, 1906
Cysodermella H.Harmaja, 2002
小囊皮菌屬 Cystodermella Hamaja
樹狀皮革菌屬 Dendrothele
Disporotrichum Stalpers, 1984
Eriosperma Rafinesque, 1808
Flammeopellis Y.C.Dai, B.K.Cui & C.L.Zhao, 2014
Geasterites Pia, 1927
Gerontomyces Poinar, 2016
Gondwanagaricites Heads et al., 2017
Gramincola Velenovský, 1947
Hertzogia
Hygrophorocybe Vizzini & Contu, 2014
Hypomnema Britzelmayr, 1883
Inopilus (Romagn.) Pegler
Laterradea Raspail, 1824
Lignomphalia
Mesophelliopsis Batista & A.F.Vital, 1957
Microcollybia
Micromphale Nees
蒙氏假菇屬 Montagnea (DC.) Zeller
Mycospongia Velenovský, 1939
Mylitta E.M.Fries, 1825
新樁菇屬 Neopaxillus
- Neopaxillus bryogenus E.Horak
- Neopaxillus dominicanus Angelini & Vizzini
- Neopaxillus echinospermus (Speg.) Singer
- Neopaxillus plumbeus Singer & Lodge
- Neopaxillus reticulatus (Petch) Pegler
Nigrocarnea
Palaeoagaracites Poinar & Buckley, 2007
Palaeoagaricites G.O.Poinar Jr. & R.Buckley, 2007
Phaeotephrocybe
Phlebophyllum R.Heim, 1969
Pholiota (Fr.) Quél
Pilosace (Fr.) Quél.
Pleuromycenula
褶尾菌屬 Plicatura Peck
Polygaster E.M.Fries, 1823
Praearthromyces
Radulomycetopsis G.S.Dhingra, Priyanka & J.Kaur, 2012
Rotula Rafinesque, 1815
Stemastrum Rafinesque, 1808
Strobilurusl
Stylobates E.M.Fries, 1837
Synnematomyces Kobayasi, 1981

生命周期

真菌子實體是生命周期的孢子產生階段。大多數真菌通過孢子繁殖，子實體專為孢子的產生和傳播而開發。子實體產生的孢子通常是有性生殖的結果^[4]。

參考文獻

[1]
Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW, Stalpers JA. Dictionary of the Fungi. 10th ed. Wallingford: CABI. 2008: 12. ISBN 0-85199-826-7.
[2]
Frank, Jonathan L.; Coffan, Robert A.; Southworth, Darlene. Aquatic gilled mushrooms: Psathyrella fruiting in the Rogue River in southern Oregon. Mycologia. 2010-01, 102 (1) [2022-08-07]. ISSN 0027-5514. doi:10.3852/07-190. （原始內容存檔於2022-08-07）（英語）.
[3]
Malka Saba, Abdul Nasir Khalid and Samina Sarwar. 2023. New Species of Mallocybe (Agaricales, Inocybaceae) from Pakistan, based on Morphological and Molecular Evidence. MycoKeys. 99: 171-186. DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.99.86844
[4]
Alexopolous et al., pp. 508–43.

外部連結

[isbn0-85199-826-7-1] [1]
Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW, Stalpers JA. Dictionary of the Fungi. 10th ed. Wallingford: CABI. 2008: 12. ISBN 0-85199-826-7.

[Frank2010-2] [2]
Frank, Jonathan L.; Coffan, Robert A.; Southworth, Darlene. Aquatic gilled mushrooms: Psathyrella fruiting in the Rogue River in southern Oregon. Mycologia. 2010-01, 102 (1) [2022-08-07]. ISSN 0027-5514. doi:10.3852/07-190. （原始內容存檔於2022-08-07）（英語）.

[Saba-3] [3]
Malka Saba, Abdul Nasir Khalid and Samina Sarwar. 2023. New Species of Mallocybe (Agaricales, Inocybaceae) from Pakistan, based on Morphological and Molecular Evidence. MycoKeys. 99: 171-186. DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.99.86844

[Alexopolous1996-4] [4]
Alexopolous et al., pp. 508–43.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]