三色菫(學名:Viola tricolor;英語:wild pansy)是堇菜科堇菜屬的一年生或短期多年生草本植物,又名三色堇菜(中國植物圖鑑)、蝴蝶花、三色紫羅蘭、人臉花、阿拉葉-尼勒-其其格(蒙語),在歐洲是常見的野花,也常栽培於公園中,是一種常見的園藝植物。三色菫也被引進北美,並在當地廣泛繁衍。
三色菫以露天栽種為宜,無論花壇、庭園、盆栽皆適合。不適合種於室內,因為光線不足,生長會遲緩,枝葉無法充分茁壯,導致無法開花,開花後也不應移入室內,以長保花朵壽命。
特徵
株高10-40厘米,莖直立或稍傾,具棱,無枝或多分枝,基生葉長圓形或披針形,具長柄,莖生葉卵形或長披針形,先端鈍圓,基部圓,葉緣具圓形或鈍疏齒,上部葉柄長,下部葉柄短,托葉大,葉片狀,羽狀深裂,長1-4厘米。花直徑3.5-6厘米,每莖3-10朵,每朵通常為有紫、白、黃三色,栽培種有其他不同顏色,花梗稍粗,葉腋單生,上部具對生三角卵形小苞片2枚,萼片綠色,長披針形,長1.2-2.2厘米,寬3-5毫米,先端尖,邊緣莢膜質,基部具附屬物,長3-6毫米,邊緣不齊;上側花瓣一般均為深紫色,兩側和下側花瓣均為三色且具紫條紋,兩側花瓣內面基部被密鬚毛,下方花距較細,長5-8毫米;子房無毛,花柱短,基部膝曲明顯,柱頭球狀膨大,先端具較大柱頭孔。蒴果橢球形,無毛,長8-12毫米。染色體2n=20、26、42或46。花期4-7月,果期5-8月。[1]
異名
- Mnemion elegans Spach
- Mnemion sagotii (Jord.) Fourr.
- Mnemion sudeticum Fourr.
- Mnemion tricolor (L.) Spach
- Mnemion variatum (Jord.) Fourr.
- Viola alpestris subsp. paulini Hayek
- Viola ammotropha E.H.L.Krause
- Viola banatica Kit. ex Schult.
- Viola bella Gren.
- Viola bicolor Hoffm.
- Viola calcarata Vill.
- Viola calcaratasubsp. grandiflora (L.) Nyman, 1878
- Viola calcarata var. grandiflora (L.) Rouy & Foucaud, 1896
- Viola cenisia Schangin
- Viola confinis Jord. ex Nyman
- Viola curtisiae E.Forst.
- Viola deminuta Schur
- Viola derelicta Jord.
- Viola flavida Jord.
- Viola foucaudii Sav.
- Viola garganica Strobl
- Viola gracilis Martrin-Donos ex Nyman
- Viola grandiflora L.
- Viola kupffieri Klokov
- Viola lepida Jord.
- Viola leptoceras Schur
- Viola lilascens Heldr. ex Boiss.
- Viola lloydii Jord. ex Boreau
- Viola lutea var. sagotii (Jord.) Nyman, 1878
- Viola lutea var. vivariensis (Jord.) Nyman, 1878
- Viola maritima Spreng.
- Viola maritima Spreng. ex Mert. & W.D.J.Koch
- Viola media (DC.) Chaillet ex Schult.
- Viola meduanensis Boreau
- Viola mentita Jord.
- Viola micrantha Bertol.
- Viola mucuzii Orph. ex Nyman
- Viola mutabilis Rochel
- Viola occulta Otto
- Viola olonnensis Genev.
- Viola paillouxi Jord.
- Viola pallescens Jord.
- Viola parviflora Kit. ex Schult.
- Viola peregrina Jord.
- Viola peregrina Jord. ex Boreau
- Viola perennis Vilm.
- Viola perrobusta Borbás
- Viola provostii Boreau
- Viola pseudolutea Schur
- Viola ruralis Jord. ex Boreau
- Viola sabulosa (DC. ex Ging.) Boreau
- Viola sagotii Jord.
- Viola saxatilis var. vivariensis (Jord.) Gren., 1847
- Viola soongorica Fisch.
- Viola soongorica Fisch. ex Ledeb.
- Viola subtilis Jord.
- Viola symei Baker
- Viola tenella Michx.
- Viola tenella Muhl.
- Viola tricolor f. tenella Farw.
- Viola tricolor subsp. alpestris (DC.) Schinz & R.Keller, 1905
- Viola tricolor subsp. grandiflora (L.) Berher, 1887
- Viola tricolor subsp. ruralis (Jord. ex Boreau) Berher, 1887
- Viola tricolor subsp. vivariensis (Jord.) Rouy & Foucaud, 1896
- Viola tricolor var. alpestris DC.
- Viola tricolor var. ammotropha Wittr.
- Viola tricolor var. derelicta (Jord.) Nyman, 1878
- Viola tricolor var. pallescens (Jord.) Nyman, 1878
- Viola tricolor var. sabulosa DC.
- Viola tricolor var. sabulosa DC. ex Ging.
- Viola tricolor var. sagotii (Jord.) Gaut., 1898
- Viola tricolor var. subalpina Latourr.
- Viola tricolor var. vectensis N.H.Williams
- Viola variata Jord.
- Viola variegata Vuk.
- Viola vectensis (F.N.Williams) Drabble
- Viola versicolor Salisb.
- Viola virgata Gren.
- Viola vivariensis Jord.
亞種
- Viola tricolor subsp. alpestris (Ging.) Ces.
- Viola tricolor subsp. curtisii (E.Forst.) Syme
- Viola tricolor subsp. faeroeënsis Becker
- Viola tricolor subsp. maritima Schweigg. ex Clausen
- Viola tricolor subsp. matutina (Klokov) Valentine
- Viola tricolor subsp. polychroma (A.Kern.) Nyman
- Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor
文化
三色堇為冰島原產花卉,定為國花。三色菫也是波蘭的國花。
意大利人對三色堇的花語定義為「思慕」和「想念我吧」,通常都是指戀人之間的思念。也有些人定義三色堇的花語為白日夢。
用途
三色堇本身是一種美麗的觀賞植物,但由於花朵較小,常見栽培的大多是其衍生雜交種,如大花三色堇、小花三色堇。
三色堇的花可以食用,常用來裝飾甜點。
圖集
參考文獻
外部連結
Wikiwand in your browser!
Seamless Wikipedia browsing. On steroids.
Every time you click a link to Wikipedia, Wiktionary or Wikiquote in your browser's search results, it will show the modern Wikiwand interface.
Wikiwand extension is a five stars, simple, with minimum permission required to keep your browsing private, safe and transparent.