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頻域拉普拉斯轉換–電子電路或控制系統 小波轉換–數字信號處理或是信號壓縮 Z轉換–離散信號、數字信號處理 短時距傅立葉變換 時頻表示法（英语：Time–frequency representation） 時頻分析 小波分析 Broughton, S.A., and K. Bryan (2008). Discrete Fourier
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