Battle of Badr 穆斯林-古莱什战争的一部分 Scene from Siyer-iNebi(英语:Siyer-iNebi), Hamza and Ali leading the Muslim armies at Badr. 以奥斯曼土耳其语誊抄体写就。 参战方 麦地那的穆斯林 麥加的古莱什
Policy, 10, pp. 357–73; F. Griffel (2001), Toleration and exclusion: al-Shafi 'i and al-Ghazali on the treatment of apostates, Bulletin of the School of Oriental