September 1988 (ISBN 0-201-14236-8): Graham, Ronald L.; Knuth, Donald E.; Patashnik, Oren. Concrete Mathematics. Advanced Book Program first. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley
{\displaystyle E(x)+E(-x)=-1} Ronald Graham, Donald Knuth and OrenPatashnik(英语:OrenPatashnik). "Concrete Mathematics". Addison-Wesley, 1999. Chapter 3,
and Matthew Sands 《具体数学:计算器科学的基石》 by Ronald Graham, Donald Knuth, and OrenPatashnik Evolutionary Biology by Dr. Eli C. Minkoff 《编程珠玑》 by Jon Bentley 《设计模式:可复用面向对象软件的基础》