食果啄木鳥屬

食果啄木鳥屬，是啄木鳥科的一個屬。該屬包括24個種，其中大多數具有顯眼的黑白條紋，夾雜紅色與黃色。

食果啄木鳥屬
紅腹啄木鳥 (Melanerpes carolinus)
科學分類
界：	動物界 Animalia
門：	脊索動物門 Chordata
綱：	鳥綱 Aves
目：	鴷形目 Piciformes
科：	啄木鳥科 Picidae
亞科：	啄木鳥亞科 Picinae
屬：	食果啄木鳥屬 Melanerpes Swainson, 1832
模式種
紅頭啄木鳥[1] Linnaeus, 1758
Species
See text

分類

1832年，威廉·斯溫森首次引入食果啄木鳥屬以歸納紅頭啄木鳥（學名：Melanerpes erythrocephalus）。^[2]食果啄木鳥屬屬於食果啄木鳥族，後者還包括吸汁啄木鳥屬的北美吸汁啄木鳥和古巴綠啄木鳥屬^{[註 1][3]}。

特徵

食果啄木鳥屬中的鳥類體格介於小和中等之間，僅分布於新大陸。其中部分物種是西印度群島的特有種^{[註 2]}。one subspecies, the Grand Bahama West Indian woodpecker (M. superciliaris bahamensis) became extinct in the 1950s. The majority of the species are from Central and South America.^[4] Most species are boldly marked in black and white, with some areas of red and yellow.^[5] The beaks are long and pointed, and sometimes curved. The sexes differ in many species, both in colour and in size.^[4]

Some species such as the acorn woodpecker and the yellow-tufted woodpecker are sociable, foraging in groups, communicating vocally and nesting communally. These have complex breeding systems including some non-breeding adult helpers assisting in rearing the young. Like other woodpeckers, insects form a large part of the diet, being caught on the wing in some species, but fruit is also eaten in large quantities and some species consume 樹液. They all nest in holes that they excavate in trees, and the red-crowned woodpecker and the Hoffmann's woodpecker are unusual in that they sometimes enter their holes backwards.^[5]

物種

該屬其中包括了25個種類:^[6]

照片	中文譯名	學名	主要分布
	白啄木	Melanerpes candidus	Suriname, French Guiana, Brazil, Bolivia, Paraguay, Uruguay and Argentina.
	劉易氏啄木	Melanerpes lewis	western and central United States
	瓜德魯普啄木	Melanerpes herminieri	Guadeloupe archipelago
	Puerto Rican woodpecker	Melanerpes portoricensis	Puerto Rico
	紅頭啄木鳥	Melanerpes erythrocephalus	southern Canada and the east-central United States.
	Acorn woodpecker	Melanerpes formicivorus	Oregon, California, and the southwestern United States, south through Central America to Colombia.
	Yellow-tufted woodpecker	Melanerpes cruentatus	Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Suriname, and Venezuela.
	Yellow-fronted woodpecker	Melanerpes flavifrons	Brazil, Paraguay and far northeastern Argentina.
	Golden-naped woodpecker	Melanerpes chrysauchen	Costa Rica and western Panama
	Beautiful woodpecker	Melanerpes pulcher	Colombia.
	Black-cheeked woodpecker	Melanerpes pucherani	southeastern Mexico south to western Ecuador.
	白額啄木鳥	Melanerpes cactorum	Bolivia, Paraguay and Argentina.
	Hispaniolan woodpecker	Melanerpes striatus	Hispaniola (Haiti and the Dominican Republic)
	Jamaican woodpecker	Melanerpes radiolatus	Jamaica.
	Golden-cheeked woodpecker	Melanerpes chrysogenys	Mexico
	Grey-breasted woodpecker	Melanerpes hypopolius	southwestern Mexico.
	Yucatan woodpecker	Melanerpes pygmaeus	Belize and Mexico
	Red-crowned woodpecker	Melanerpes rubricapillus	Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, the Guianas and Tobago.
	Gila woodpecker	Melanerpes uropygialis	southwestern United States and western Mexico.
	Hoffmann's woodpecker	Melanerpes hoffmannii	southern Honduras south to Costa Rica
	金額啄木鳥	Melanerpes aurifrons	Texas and Oklahoma in the United States through Mexico, Belize, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras and northern Nicaragua.
	Velasquez's woodpecker	Melanerpes santacruzi	southern Mexico and parts of Central America.
	紅腹啄木鳥	Melanerpes carolinus	eastern United States
	大紅腹啄木鳥	Melanerpes superciliaris	Bahamas, the Cayman Islands and Cuba.

• †Melanerpes shawi (extinct: Late Pleistocene)^[7]

註釋

1. 單型屬，僅包含古巴綠啄木鳥
2. 包括來自伊斯帕尼奧拉島、波多黎各、牙買加和瓜地洛普的物種

參考文獻

1. Picidae. aviansystematics.org. The Trust for Avian Systematics. [2023-07-26]. （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
2. Swainson, William John. Richardson, John , 編. Fauna boreali-americana, or, The zoology of the northern parts of British America : containing descriptions of the objects of natural history collected on the late northern land expeditions under command of Captain Sir John Franklin, R.N.: Part 2, The Birds. 1831: 316. （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） 斯文森的論文扉頁寫明的日期是1831年，但該書在次年才正式出版
3. Shakya, S.B.; Fuchs, J.; Pons, J.-M.; Sheldon, F.H. Tapping the woodpecker tree for evolutionary insight. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 2017, 116: 182–191. PMID 28890006. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2017.09.005 .
4. Winkler, Hans; Christie, David A. Woodpeckers. Bloomsbury Publishing. 2010: 4. ISBN 978-1-4081-3504-4.
5. Gorman, Gerard. Woodpeckers of the World: A Photographic Guide. Firefly Books. 2014: 102. ISBN 978-1770853096.
6. Gill, Frank; Donsker, David (編). Woodpeckers. World Bird List Version 6.2. International Ornithologists' Union. [5 May 2016]. （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
7. Campbell, Kenneth E.; Bochenski, Zbigniew M. A review of the woodpeckers (Aves: Piciformes) from the asphalt deposits of Rancho La Brea, California, with the description of three new species. Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments. 2021-12-01, 101 (4): 1013–1026. ISSN 1867-1608. S2CID 231716382. doi:10.1007/s12549-020-00444-1  （英語）.

外部連結

• 動物多樣性網 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）